2. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Adaptations by M Lynde Godwin HS Henrico,VA

3. The Crimean War [1854- 1856] Towns of Crimea are sweetheart geographical location for trade. This was about the declining Ottoman Empire….

4. The Crimean War [1854-1856] Russia as policeman of Europe via CoV. In exchange for providing armies used to suppress revolutions of 1848 and 1849, Russia wrongly thought it would have a free hand in Ottoman Empire = “Sick man of Europe.” It becomes the “eastern question.” France under Napoleon III sends ambassadors to Ottoman so Ottomans will recognize Fr. as sovereign authority over Christians in Ottoman Empire. Russia disputed this claim; they were the protectors of the Orthodox Christians

5. The Crimean War [1854-1856] Napoleon III responds with force Then Tsar Nicholas I brings his 4 th and 5 th army corps along River Danube. Nicholas Cage began courting England….He felt Austria won’t object if Russia annexed a few neighboring areas; esp. since Russia assisted Austria in suppressing Revolutions of 1848

6. The Crimean War [1854- 1856] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

7. The Crimean War [1854-1856] Lots of logistical and tactical errors Considered preview of WWI Modern war b/c technical changes *1 st use of railways and electric telegraph Birth of Red Cross a la Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole 1 st photographs..

8. The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…

9. Fenton Photos http://sbp.so/fenton

10. Florence Nightingale [1820- 1910] “The Lady with the Lamp”

11. Treaty of Paris [1856]  No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.  All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

12. Test Your Knowledge Which of the following represented a major diplomatic result of the Crimean War? A.France withdrew in defeat from European affairs B.Austria emerged in a strengthened political position C.The Concert of Europe was effectively reinstated D.It opened the way for German and Italian unification

14. Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

15. Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet” Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”] Catholic conservative Austrians to the north and conservative papal forces in Rome

16. Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet” The French are hoping the Austrians will go to war and that the French alliance will result in French annexation of Nice and Savoy

17. Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)

18. Sardinia-Piedmont: “The Magnet” But France is involved at home…and it looks like the Austrians are resigned to losing Lombardy to Sardinia as long as Sardinia doesn’t annex anything else

19. Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”? Began some liberal reforms- released liberals in jail. Some people thought Italy might unify around a more moderate pope…. But face it, the pope is hardly going to turn on the Hapsburg Austrian dynasty as that is the only thing securing his own rule… He does not support a war against Austria

20. Step #1: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

21. Step #2: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858

22. Step #3: Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

23. Step #4: Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

24. Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

25. Step #6: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Italy is united!

26. A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

27. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

29. Zollverein, 1834

30. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

32. Kaiser Wilhelm I

33. Helmut von Moltke

34. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor”

35. Otto von Bismarck.... The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

36. Otto von Bismarck.... I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

37. The German Confederation

38. Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

39. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria

40. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

41. Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

42. Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

43. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

44. Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

45. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire. The Italians took Rome and made it their capital. Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. ------------------- France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

46. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

47. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

48. German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

49. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

50. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

51. Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

52. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

53. Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

54. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890]

55. Kaiser Wilhelm II

57. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

58. Austrian Imperial Flag

59. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

60. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary The Hungarian Flag

61. Russian Imperial Flag

62. Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

63. Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

64. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War. Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861- 1863].

65. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile. “Russification” program. Jews  forced migration to the Pale

66. Russian Expansion The Pale

67. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

68. The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c “The Sicker Man of Europe”