2. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

5. The Crimean War [1854- 1856] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

6. The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…

7. The Crimean War [1854-1856]

9. Florence Nightingale [1820- 1910] “The Lady with the Lamp”

10. Treaty of Paris [1856]  No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.  All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

12. A Little Conservative… Conservative elementsConservative elements –Louis Napoleon dedicated to law & order –Falloux Laws –Supported policies favoring the army and the Church

13. A Little Liberal… Liberal elementsLiberal elements –Constitution has unicameral legislature –Popular voting for president…four-year term for the office –Universal male suffrage

14. Coup? Napoleon cannot get his debt paid or an extension on his term of officeNapoleon cannot get his debt paid or an extension on his term of office

16. Is She Truly Dead?

17. Emperor Napoleon III 1851-18591851-1859 –Direct/authoritarian control 1859-18701859-1870 –Procession of liberal reforms due to poor publicity related to foreign policy decisions

18. Napoleon III – Doomed by Foreign Policy Economic Infrastructure Railroads, canals, roads Free Trade Credit Mobilier Political LA members elected every 6 years Gov’t control of schools Syllabus of Errors Eased censorship Foreign Policy Restored the Pope and put down Roman Republic (1849) Crimean War Colonial activity in Africa

19. Georges von Haussmann Urbanization of Paris

21. Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

22. Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

23. Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)

24. Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

25. Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821 “Coalmen.”

26. Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

27. Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858 What “deals” are made here?

28. Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

29. Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

30. Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

31. Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Italy is united!

32. A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

33. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871 What problems still remain for Italy?

35. Zollverein, 1834

36. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

38. Kaiser Wilhelm I

39. Helmut von Moltke

40. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor”

41. Otto von Bismarck.... The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

42. Otto von Bismarck.... I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

43. The German Confederation

44. Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

45. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria

46. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

47. Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

48. Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

49. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

50. Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

51. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire. The Italians took Rome and made it their capital. Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. ------------------- France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

52. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

53. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

54. German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

55. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

56. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

57. Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

58. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888- 1918]

59. Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

60. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890]

61. Kaiser Wilhelm II

63. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

64. Austrian Imperial Flag

65. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

66. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria- Hungary The Hungarian Flag

67. Russian Imperial Flag

68. Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

69. Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

70. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War. Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861- 1863].

71. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile. “Russification” program. Jews  forced migration to the Pale

72. Russian Expansion The Pale

73. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

74. The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c “The Sicker Man of Europe”