1. Mid-19c
European
Nationalism

2. The Dardanelles Why is it in the Husky Fight Song?
Bow Down to Washington, Bow Down to Washington, Mighty Are The Men Who Wear the Purple and the Gold, Joyfully We Welcome Them Within the Victors Fold. We Will Carve Their Names In the Hall of Fame To Preserve the Memory of Our Devotion. Heaven Help the Foes of Washington; They're Trembling at the Feet Of Mighty Washington, The Boys Are There With Bells, Their Fighting Blood Excels, It's Harder to Push Them Over the Line Than Pass the Dardanelles. Victory the Cry of Washington... Leather Lungs Together With a Rah! Rah! Rah! And O'er the Land Our Loyal Band Will Sing the Glory Of Washington Forever.

3. The Crimean War [ ]
Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia

4. Background Free-hand in exchange for the balance of power, right?
“Sick man of Europe” and the “Eastern Question”
Who is responsible for protecting Christians in the Ottoman Empire?
France or Russia

5. The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

6. The Crimean War [ ]

7. Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]
“The Lady with the Lamp”

8. Treaty of Paris [1856]
No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.
Who benefitted?
Who lost big?

9. Results of the War First use of railroads and the telegraph
The role of the nurse is literally invented
The British army discovered it needed major reform
Modern news reporting from the field – public learns the horror of war immediately

10. Italian
Unification

11. Italian Nationalist Leaders
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
Count Cavour [The “Head”]

12. Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

13. Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)

14. Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”
Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

15. Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821
“Coalmen.”

16. Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea
What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

17. Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858
What “deals” are made here?

18. Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

19. Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Austria loses control of Venetia.
Venetia is annexed to Italy.

20. Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

21. Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Italy is united!

22. A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

23. What problems still remain for Italy?
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
What problems still remain for Italy?

24. German
Unification

25. Background Bismarck is awesome German/Austrian relations
Germanic connection historically
Habsburgs and the H.R.E.
Everybody underestimates the Prussians
Why? The hat is scary

26. Zollverein, 1834
TPS – What is it, how did it work, and how is it related to German nationalism?

27. TPS – How were the two at odds with each other?
Prussia/Austria Rivalry
TPS – How were the two at odds with each other?

28. Key
Players

29. Kaiser Wilhelm I (1861-1888) Hohenzollern family
William (German – Wilhelm)
Why accept now?
Remember he famously declined the throne before?

30. Helmut von Moltke German Chief of Staff
Brilliant strategist – created the modern Prussian army that would dominate the last half of the 19th century and set the stage for the 20th

31. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood & Iron”

32. Otto von Bismarck
The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

33. Otto von Bismarck
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

34. The German Confederation

35. Step #1: The Danish War [1864]
The Peace of Vienna

36. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Austria

37. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867
Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.
He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

38. Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War
1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

39. Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]
German soldiers
“abusing” the French.

40. Results Humiliating defeat for France
Napoleon is forced out
Prussia and Germany convince the last two holdouts to join
Germany unites
French / German relations are forever stained
See WWI, WWII, and every World Cup

41. Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

42. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.
The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.
Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]
France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.
France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

43. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

44. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

45. German Imperial Flag
German for “Empire.”

46. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

47. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program
Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized.
The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.
The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

48. Bismarck’s relationship with the socialists
If you can’t beat them, join them
Germany becomes the most socially liberal state in Europe!
He decides that concessions are easier than fighting
How ironic

49. Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church
Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

50. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r ]

51. Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

52. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890]

53. Kaiser Wilhelm II

54. Eastern
Europe
in the Last Half
of the 19c

55. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

56. Austrian Imperial Flag

57. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

58. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag

59. Russian Imperial Flag

60. A heterogeneous empire
Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire

61. Nicholas I [r ]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!

62. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War.
Emancipation of the Russian serfs [ ].

63. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile.
“Russification” program.
Jews  forced migration to the Pale

64. Russian Expansion
The Pale

65. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

66. The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c “The Sicker Man of Europe”