The Nervous System  Nervous System  the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system  consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central.

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Presentation transcript:

The Nervous System  Nervous System  the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system  consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems  Central Nervous System (CNS)  the brain and spinal cord  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)  the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E The Nervous System (Controls self-regulated action of internal organs & glands) (Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Arousing – fight or flight Calming – rest or digest

The Autonomic Nervous System

The Nervous System

The Spinal Cord

The Nervous System  Reflex  a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus Skin receptors Muscle Sensory neuron (incoming information) Motor neuron (outgoing information) Brain Interneuron Spinal cord

Cells of the Nervous System: Neurons and Glia Neurons: Specialized cells that rapidly respond to signals and quickly send signals of their own Glial cells (Neuroglia): Cells that help hold neurons together and help neurons communicate with one another

Glial Cells (Neuroglia) Support network of cells surrounding the neurons & blood vessels of the brain & nervous system – Outnumber neurons 10-1 Types: – Oligodendroglia –produce myelin in CNS – Schwann cells – produce myelin in PNS; can help axons regenerate – Astrocytes – star-shaped; form matrix in which neural cells are embedded; envelope blood vessels in brain; absorb dead neural cells

Neurons and Synapses Types of Neurons Sensory (Afferent) Motor (Efferent) Interneurons Millions Billions

Spinal Cord Brain Sensory Neuron Sensory (Afferent) Neurons INPUT Carry messages from body’s tissues & sensory organs to the brain & spinal cord. AFFERENT = toward the brain Drawing shows a somatosensory neuron Vision, hearing, taste and smell nerves are cranial, not spinal

Spinal Cord Brain Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Motor (Efferent) Neurons OUTPUT Carry messages from the brain and spinal cord To the muscles and glands. EFFERENT = away from the brain

Spinal Cord Brain Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Interneurons Interneurons carry information between sensory & motor neurons. Only found in the brain and spinal cord.

Neural Structure FG4&feature=related (Neurons and How They Work) FG4&feature=related

Structures of a neuron

Dendrites Receive info/inputs from neighboring neurons May receive thousands of inputs Send to cell body

Dendritic Growth Mature neurons generally can’t divide But new dendrites can grow Provides room for more connections to other neurons New connections are basis for learning

The cell body – Round, centrally located structure – Contains DNA; life support center zContains the cell’s Nucleus

Axon Output structure; sends messages One axon per cell, Lengths vary up to several feet long

Myelin sheath White fatty tissue on axon of some neurons; set by age 25 Acts as an electrical insulator Increases the speed of neural signals down the axon. Spaces between myelin = nodes of Ranvier Myelin Sheath