Chapter Eight Review Advances in the Sciences and the Arts
Major Advances in Science Charles Darwin and natural selection- species change, or evolve over time to improve their chances of survival Darwin’s theories are controversial among religious people Dmitri Mendeleyev in Chemistry- he comes up with classification system for elements called the Periodic Table
Chemistry and Physics, cont’d Marie and Pierre Curie- experimented with radiation Ernest Rutherford- began to understand the structure of the atom Albert Einstein- theory of relativity and famous E= MC2. This theory says that small amounts of mass can produce huge amounts of energy. (Sets the stage for atomic weapons)
Medicine Louis Pasteur- pasteurization to kill bacteria, used in milk, juice, cheese to make food safer Vaccinations for diseases like rabies Discoveries of anaesthesia for surgery and antiseptics (Lister) for preventing infections
The Social Sciences Psychology- Ivan Pavlov’s theory of conditioned response Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis- many of our behaviors and neuroses are a result of things in the unconscious part of the mind Other social sciences- archaeology, anthropology, sociology Sociology focuses on groups and how they affect behavior
New Diversions and Leisure Activities Newspapers become popular among educated people (of which there were more during this time) and create new interest in politics, arts, and current events Sports and Music become popular pasttimes in the new cities- concert halls, stadiums are filled with people with free time and money to spend
Art Forms- Romanticism: A reaction against The Enlightenment- they reject the idea of a universe ruled totally by reason. They insist on the importance of emotion Man is not strictly a reasonable being
GOYA- THE MADHOUSE
Romantic views of nature Rejection of the idea of an orderly, rational natural world Celebrates nature in all its different facets Man is not capable of “taming” nature
Gericault- Raft of the Medusa
Vernet- Stormy Coast Scene After a Shipwreck
Celebration of Nationalism Reacts against Enlightenment stress on a shared human nature that is stronger than national boundaries Romantic writers often go back to old folk tales of their country Composers like Beethoven and Tchaikovsky also celebrate national identity
Emanuel Leutze- George Washington Crossing the Delaware
Key Elements of Impressionism Artists reject the idea that a painter should simply reflect reality They try to depict things as they might seem at a particular moment in time Their paintings show the influence of shadows and light They try to show their “impression” of a scene, rather than an exact record
Monet- Waterlilies