Starter Quiz 1.Identify one IDA that could be used to evaluate Circadian rhythms 2.Why is understanding circadian rhythms useful? 3.Provide a limitation of research into the disruption of circadian rhythms 4.What is the difference between Ultradian and Infradian rhythms? 5.Give one example of an Ultradian rhythm 6.Identify an endogenous pacemaker associated with ultradian rhythms 7.Give one example of an Infradian rhythm 8.Identify an endogenous pacemaker associated with this rhythm

Ultradian and Infradian Rhythms

Outline one or more examples of Ultradian rhythms. (4 marks) Ultradian rhythms are rhythms that have a cycle length of more than one cycle every _________. The sleep cycle is an ultradian rhythm and most people have _____ cycles of sleep that last approximately ___ minutes each night. There are two classifications of sleep, _____ and _____. _____ consists of 4 stages and REM sleep is the final stage of the sleep cycle. In the first two cycles, the sleeper descends through the lighter stages of sleep (stages 1-3) into the _________ stage of sleep (stage 4), then onto ____ sleep for around ____ minutes. In the last 3 cycles, the sleeper moves from stage 2 straight to REM and periods of REM get increasingly longer.

Outline one or more examples of Ultradian rhythms. (4 marks) Ultradian rhythms are rhythms that have a cycle length of more than one cycle every 24 hours. The sleep cycle is an ultradian rhythm and most people have five cycles of sleep that last approximately 90 minutes each night. There are two classifications of sleep, NREM & REM. NREM consists of 4 stages and REM sleep is the final stage of the sleep cycle. In the first two cycles, the sleeper descends through the lighter stages of sleep (stages 1-3) into the deeper stage of sleep (stage 4), then onto REM sleep for around 10 minutes. In the last 3 cycles, the sleeper moves from stage 2 straight to REM and periods of REM get increasingly longer.

Ultradian rhythms How do we measure this? Match them up Muscles?, electrical activity?, eye movements? 1.Electroencephalographs (EEGs) 2.Electro-Oculograms (EOGs) 3.Electromyograms (EMGs)

Pair and independent activity 1.As a pair- Represent each study using only images on MWB Dement and Kleitman (1957) Wehr (1992) Ekirch (2001) Best drawings win a sticker 2. Pack- Whilst doing this individually Ground studies 7/8

Sleep is measured in a laboratory Why does this way of studying the Ultradian rhythm give objective and replicable evidence? Why are objectivity and replicability positive qualities for evidence to have? Add to page 7

IDA Example for Ultradian Rhythms: The Sleep Cycle The Point: Biological determinism Nature nurture Reductionism Explain the Point: Little Free will Simplistic- ignores cultural/societal factors Simplistic- Does not fully explain external influences So What? Research methodology evaluation Implications Usefulness 8

Infradian Rhythms The Menstrual cycle True or False

Menstrual cycle- T/F 1.The average age a girl starts having menstrual periods is between 11 and 14 2.The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long. 3.Day 1 on the menstrual cycle is when the women has a period. 4.On average, ovulation occurs on day 14 (based on a 28 day cycle) 5.The menstrual cycle is controlled solely by hormones 6.Low weight is correlated with early start of periods 7.The most common cause of a missed period is taking prescription medication 8.Women who spend a lot of time together will tend to have their menstrual cycles synchronize over time.

Answers 1.True 2.True 3.True 4.True 5.False- Exogenous factors too (Pheromones) 6.False- Being over weight is 7.False- Pregnancy 8.Maybe?

Research evidence Read the findings on page 9 Ground the evidence Read the article Highlight any agreement/disagreement to the studies

Starter mwb Outline one or more examples of Infradian rhythms. (4 marks) Check you have definitions for the following research if not Follicle stimulating hormone Oestrogen Luteinizing hormone Progesterone HCG Pheromones

Infradian rhythms Nature vs Nurture 1.What research evidence is there for endogenous pacemakers (nature) in Infradian rhythms? 2.What research evidence is there for exogenous zeitegebers (nurture) in Infradian rhythms? 3.Which evidence is stronger? 4.What does this suggest about the role of nature/nurture in Infradian rhythms?

Discuss How could Infradian rhythms (menstrual cycle) be explained through the evolutionary approach? Consider- Synchronization by both other females and other males

Evolutionary advantage Bentley (2000) believed that synchronisation between women living in close proximity would ensure that the women would conceive and give birth at similar times. This would be beneficial since they could share breast feeding, a behaviour observed in other species. McClintock (1971) found that women who work in a mostly male environment have shorter menstrual cycles. In the past this would be of evolutionary advantage since it would provide more opportunities for pregnancy. Add to wider evaluation

Determinism and Wider evaluation Premenstrual syndrome PMS or Premenstrual syndrome is a disorder that affects many women during the week before menstruation begins. Symptoms can include acne, anxiety, depression, food cravings, fatigue, headaches, insomnia, water retention, mood swings and aggression Ms English was a woman who drove her car into her married lover after an argument, killing him. Her defence team used PMS as a legal defence and she was ultimately placed on Probation. This deterministic approach assumes she had no free will of her own or any control and therefore Mrs English should not be held liable for her actions. Discuss and identify two arguments for and two arguments against this viewpoint

IDA Write a model IDA on the wallboards 1.Nature vs Nurture 2.Determinism 3.The Evolutionary approach Choose one to Write up in packs

Nature of sleep Pages 14 and 15 P14 should be complete from homework Homework for next week Complete P15 using the information in your pack All Biological rhythms & disruption to rhythms should be complete Revision for rhythms?

Exam Prep stations You will have 5 mins to complete the activity on your desk and then move on 1.Revise 2.Plan 3.Assess 4.Analyse 5.Create

1. Revise Complete the handout Support each other Try not to use your pack

2. Plan Plan an essay for the following essay title 1.Discuss the role of endogenous pacemakers in the control of one biological rhythm ( marks)

3. Assess 1.Assess the model answers without looking at a markscheme/ report Mark /8 - why? Two reasons Mark / 16 -why? Two reasons

4. Analyse Discuss research into the disruption of biological rhymthms (e.g shift work/jet lag) What are the main messages from the examiners report and markscheme? Create a list of tips for what students need to consider when answering the question

5. Create Write down all the possible exam questions you could be asked on the following 1.Circadian Rhythms 2.Disruption of Circadian Rhythms 3.Ultradian Rhythms 4.Infradian Rhythms

Answers