Chapter 17: Cultures in Conflict

Chapter Overview: Examines the conflict between Native Americans and Anglo ranchers / farmers in West Texas Examines the conflict between Native Americans and Anglo ranchers / farmers in West Texas

Chapter Sections  Section 1: Describes how Native Americans controlled West Texas after the Civil War.  Section 2: Explains how Native American culture was changed by the extermination of the buffalo and battles with U.S. Army / Texas Rangers.  Section 3: Describes the last Native American battles at the Rio Grande.

Cultures in Conflict Title: West Texas After the Civil War Title: West Texas After the Civil War Main Idea: The Civil War was over, but conflict continued for Texans on the western frontier. Main Idea: The Civil War was over, but conflict continued for Texans on the western frontier. Key Terms: campaign, agent Key Terms: campaign, agent

Native Americans Control the West a.Most Native Americans had been removed from eastern Texas. b.Federal soldiers left western Texas to fight in the Civil War, leaving the western regions vulnerable to attack. c.Settlers in West Texas were defenseless, and some moved east to safer areas. Why?

Native Americans Control the West d.Forts were built too far apart, and soldiers were too few to prevent attacks by Native Americans. e.Military campaigns, or operations, against Native Americans had to be canceled because there was not enough food for the soldiers and horses.

Native Americans Control the West f.Native Americans had better advantages because they knew the territory.

Army Disadvantages 1.Not enough soldiers and untrained 2.Little/no experience fighting Native Americans 3.Forts built too far apart/ too far west to immediately too far west to immediately protect settlers protect settlers 4. Shortages of food/supplies forced the cancellation of forced the cancellation of many army attack many army attack campaigns campaigns

Native American Advantages 1.Knew the lands of West Texas very well 2.Skilled fighters a) in the time it took to load a rifle or pistol (1 min), a skilled warrior could ride 200 yds and shoot 20 arrows a) in the time it took to load a rifle or pistol (1 min), a skilled warrior could ride 200 yds and shoot 20 arrows 3.Plus, by 1870s, most Native Americans Native Americans carried rifles, too carried rifles, too

The Search for Peace a.In 1867 the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek was signed. Native Americans agreed to live on reservations, or land set apart for Native Americans by the federal government, in Indian Territory (present- day Oklahoma). b.Many federal agents, or representatives, assigned by President Grant were Quakers, who did not believe in violence.

Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek 1867 – federal agents met with tribal chiefs in (present-day) Kansas and signed treaty Terms of the treaty: 1.Native Americans moved to reservations in Indian Territory (present-day Okla) 2.U.S. gov’t provide food/supplies 3.U.S. army not allowed on the reservations 4.Native Americans would STOP the raids on settlers.

The Search for Peace c.Quaker Lawrie Tatum, the agent in Indian Territory, worked to educate the Plains people in agriculture so they could live in the Anglo world.

The Peace Policy Fails a.Peace did not come to western Texas because many Native American leaders did not sign the treaty. b.About one-half of the Comanches and many Kiowas refused to move to reservations.

Medicine Lodge Treaty Fails  Many Native Americans refused to sign treaty – nearly one-half of Comanches, Kiowas  They claimed the government: 1. broke promises made to them; 1. broke promises made to them; 2. cheated and mistreated them. 2. cheated and mistreated them.

The Peace Policy Fails c.Kiowa chief Satanta insisted that West Texas belonged to the Comanches and Kiowas. He believed that without the Buffalo, they could not survive on reservations. (see first quote on p. 392) d.Apache chief Victorio was determined not to live on the reservations too.

Satanta – Kiowa Chief  Most famous Kiowa chief – excellent speaker (Orator of the Plains)  Wanted to preserve Kiowa way of life  Insisted that West TX belonged to Kiowas and Comanches  Believed his people could not survive very long on reservations

The Peace Policy Fails e.Kiowa chief Lone Wolf called for war. Ten Bears, a Comanche chief, argued that his people must be allowed to roam freely over the plains. (see second quote on p. 392)

The Peace Policy Fails f.Comanche chief Quanah Parker, son of Pete Nocona and Anglo American woman Cynthia Ann Parker, who had been captured by Comanches as a child, spent 10 years trying to stop the spread of Anglo settlements.

Other Chiefs Agree:  Lone Wolf – Kiowa chief who called for war against army/settlers (to avenge son’s death in army battle)  Ten Bears – Comanche chief who argued that people must be allowed to roam freely over TX plains  Quanah Parker – Comanche chief and son of Nocona and white woman, Cynthia Ann Parker; spent 10 years attacking/trying to run settlers out of TX Lone Wolf Ten Bears Quanah Parker

The Peace Policy Fails g.However, Kiowa chiefs Kicking Bird and Striking Eagle advised against war with the Anglos and argued that their people must accept Anglo ways. h.Comanche chief Horseback accepted reservation life and led his people to a reservation.

A Kiowa drawing of a battle in West TX – possibly Red River campaign

Chapter 17: Cultures in Conflict

Chapter Overview: Examines the conflict between Native Americans and Anglo ranchers / farmers in West Texas Examines the conflict between Native Americans and Anglo ranchers / farmers in West Texas

Chapter Sections  Section 1: Describes how Native Americans controlled West Texas after the Civil War.  Section 2: Explains how Native American culture was changed by the extermination of the buffalo and battles with U.S. Army / Texas Rangers.  Section 3: Describes the last Native American battles at the Rio Grande.

Ch. 17, Section 2 Title: West Texas at War Title: West Texas at War Main Idea: The slaughter of the buffalo and the actions of the U.S. Army and the Texas Rangers forever changed the lives and culture of the Native Americans living on the West Texas plains. Main Idea: The slaughter of the buffalo and the actions of the U.S. Army and the Texas Rangers forever changed the lives and culture of the Native Americans living on the West Texas plains. Key Terms: paunch, sinew, bill Key Terms: paunch, sinew, bill

Settled Texas Indian Country

The Peace Policy Ends a.General William Tecumseh Sherman went to West Texas and found that Native American raids continued to harm Anglo settlers. He had Satanta, Big Tree, and Satank arrested. b.Satanta was sent to the state prison at Huntsville. He found prison life intolerable and is believed to have killed himself.

Warren Wagon Train Raid   Settlers began moving onto Kiowa land   Wagon train traveling along Salt Creek got raided   Kiowas killed and wounded many

Site of Warren Wagon train raid

The Media turned the raid into a sensation. It Changes U S Indian policy

Sherman   Called in to investigate attack claims   Felt these were likely exaggerated   After salt creek, he changed his mind

Sherman’s decision :Total war   Suggested Peace policy be eliminated   Indians should be forced onto reservations   Elimination of buffalo would encourage this AAAAAByk/jlMX9wCvimo/s1600/gen-william-t-sherman2.jpg

The Peace Policy Ends c.The peace policy was then abandoned, and the army began a campaign to destroy Native American camps and force them onto reservations.

Mackenzie Leads the Early Texas Campaigns a.During 1871 and 1872, the army, under the command of Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie, led campaigns against Native Americans of the South Plains. b.In 1873 the army concentrated efforts along the Rio Grande in South Texas, eventually crossing the border.

Colonel Ranald Mackenzie   Civil War veteran   Daring, aggressive, persistent   Resourceful   Respected   Shared his men's hardships   Known as “four- fingers” by Indians due to war wounds

Mackenzie’s campaign   Colonel Ranald Mackenzie   U. S. Army vs. Kickapoos, Apaches   Massive damage to Indian horses, food, homes and other supplies   Indian raids into south Texas virtually end.

Native Americans Depend on the Buffalo a.Native Americans feared the decreasing numbers of buffalo would end their way of life. b.Native Americans used every part of the buffalo: i.Water bags from the paunch, or stomach. ii.Bowstrings from the sinews, or tendons. iii.Clothing and shelter from the hides, or skin. iv.Fuel from buffalo chips, or dried manure.

How buffalo were used by Whites   Leather   Machinery belts   Robes   Meat   Bone for fertilizer

The slaughter of the buffalo HideYardwith40,000hides1878.jpg

Charles Rath   Early leader among buffalo hunters in Texas   Developed the market for buffalo hides

John and J. Wright Mooar   Mooar Brothers   Among earliest to promote Buffalo hunting   Helped establish buffalo products market   This eliminated the North Texas Herd by 1873   The hide hunters began moving onto the plains

Buffalo Herds Are Slaughtered a.The slaughter began in the 1870s, and by 1873 the herds north of Texas were gone. Hunters then began moving onto the Texas plains. b.A law was proposed in the Texas legislature to protect the buffalo, but General Philip Sheridan, commander of the U.S. military of the Southwest, helped to defeat the bill, or proposed law.

Buffalo Herds Are Slaughtered c.Without the buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, and other necessities, the Native Americans of the Plains could not survive, so they struck back to save their culture.

The Attack on Adobe Walls a.In June 1874 Quanah Parker led several hundred warriors from 5 Native American nations in an attack on a buffalo hunters’ camp at Adobe Walls. b.Joined by many Native Americans on reservations, the Plains people spread across 5 states and territories, killing 190 Anglo Americans in 2 months.

The attack on Adobe Walls 1874   Quanah Parker vs. Buffalo hunters   Buffalo hunters on Comanche land   Buffalo hunters win and continue extermination of buffalo /QuanahParker.html

The Red River Campaign a.About 4,000 Comanches, Kiowas, and Cheyenne spread their camps into canyons and valleys in the Texas Panhandle along the Red River. b.The 3,000 man U.S. army relentlessly searched for the camps and fought the Native Americans. c.Major John B. Jones, a veteran of Terry’s Texas Rangers, led the frontier battalion during this campaign.

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon a.The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, on September 28, 1874, was the most decisive battle of the Red River campaign. b.The last remaining Comanche bands, the Kwahadies, surrendered in June 1875 at Fort Sill in Indian Territory. Among them was Quanah Parker.

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon c.By early November most of the Native American bands had given up and were headed toward reservations. d.After the Red River campaign, Native Americans rarely were seen on the prairies of Central and West Texas.

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 1874   Quanah Parker vs. Mackenzie   Preemptive attack by US   Comanches defeated,   Many horses, homes and supplies destroyed   most Comanche bands move to reservations

Chapter 17: Cultures in Conflict

Chapter Overview: Examines the conflict between Native Americans and Anglo ranchers / farmers in West Texas Examines the conflict between Native Americans and Anglo ranchers / farmers in West Texas

Chapter Sections  Section 1: Describes how Native Americans controlled West Texas after the Civil War.  Section 2: Explains how Native American culture was changed by the extermination of the buffalo and battles with U.S. Army / Texas Rangers.  Section 3: Describes the last Native American battles at the Rio Grande.

Ch. 17, Section 3 Title: West Texas at War Title: West Texas at War Main Idea: The slaughter of the buffalo and the actions of the U.S. Army and the Texas Rangers forever changed the lives and culture of the Native Americans living on the West Texas plains. Main Idea: The slaughter of the buffalo and the actions of the U.S. Army and the Texas Rangers forever changed the lives and culture of the Native Americans living on the West Texas plains. Key Terms: paunch, sinew, bill Key Terms: paunch, sinew, bill

Settled Texas Indian Country

I. Buffalo Soldiers End the Wars a.African American soldiers were famous throughout Texas for their experience and skill in warfare against Native Americans. b.Native Americans called the African American troops “Buffalo Soldiers,” a title of great respect.

I’m just a Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America,

I. Buffalo Soldiers End the Wars c.19 Buffalo Soldiers received Congressional Medals of Honor. d.Buffalo Soldiers often were not respected by other soldiers and were harassed and abused by Anglo Americans. Why do you think Buffalo soldiers were often not respected by other soldiers?Why do you think Buffalo soldiers were often not respected by other soldiers?

II. South Texas Renegades a.Renegades, or outlaws, from both sides of the Rio Grande robbed and raided towns and settlements. b.Ambitious ranchers expanded their lands and herds by illegally taking land owned by people of Mexican heritage.

Renegades   Robbing and raiding towns and settlements.   Lawlessness in South Texas increased as deserters from the Civil War and outlaws crossed into Texas.   These renegades instilled fear in many Texans and Mexican Americans.

II. South Texas Renegades c.Texas Rangers acquired a reputation for ruthless mistreatment of Mexican Americans and other innocent people. What are some present-day examples of how law officers, in trying to keep order, go too far?

Texas Rangers   Texas Rangers are no joke, even if Conan O‘Brien thinks Chuck Norris is!   Fearless and effective, the Rangers had a reputation for ruthlessness.   Texas Rangers helped patrol the Rio Grande Valley and keep law and order.

III. Time of Sadness for Native Americans a.Native Americans would never again roam freely over the land searching for buffalo. b.Land once used for hunting was turned into farms and towns.

Timeline of Native American Decline in Texas   Between 1528 and 1890   95 percent of Texas Indians died     30,000 Anglo and Hispanic settlers in Texas   15,000 Plains Indians   By 1860,   there were less than 8,000 Indians in Texas   and 600,000 Anglo settlers in Texas.   The Texans further had access to repeating rifles and revolvers.

III. Time of Sadness for Native Americans c. c.Young Native Americans were taken from their homes and placed in boarding schools. They had to cut their hair, wear Anglo clothing, and speak only English. What aspect of Native American culture do you think was hardest to give up?

IV. A New Era Begins a.Anglo American settlers saw the removal of Native Americans as a great accomplishment, opening the way for settlers to move into West Texas and establish farms, ranches, and communities.

Ambitious Ranchers   Ambitious ranchers took advantage of the lack of law and order to expand their lands and herds of cattle.   Many poorer people, especially those of Mexican heritage, lost their lands and were mistreated in other ways.

IV. A New Era Begins b. b.Railroads built west from Fort Worth and Temple brought farming communities to lands that only a few years before were home to the Comanche. In what way was removal of Native Americans something both positive and negative?

1900- Major Railroads in Texas

Review Questions – Think-Pair-Share 1.What effect did the Civil War have on West Texas? (Section 1) 2.Why did Quakers make good agents for Native Americans? (Section 2) 3.Do you think Native Americans had good reasons for waging war on Anglos? (Section 3)