Chapter 21

Function: to produce offspring Puberty: age at which the reproductive organs mature to allow reproduction Gametes: Sex cells produced by both sexes Fertilization: combination of the ova and sperm Structure & Function

Testes 4-5 cm in length produce sperm secrete testosterone Cause secondary sexual characteristics facial/body hair deepened voice increased muscle mass thickening of bones Epididymis tube that stores sperm while they mature Vas deferens transport sperm Male Organs of Reproduction

Seminal vesicle adds fluid that increases volume & nourishes sperm Prostate gland: located below the bladder secretes fluid to protect sperm Penis approximately 200 million sperm releases with each ejaculation encloses the urethra covered with foreskin which is usually removed at birth Semen: thick & white which contains sperm & fluid Expulsion of semen is called ejaculation

Vagina A muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body Vulva external structures Clitoris small projection of erectile tissue Bartholins gland secretes mucous & lubricating fluid Mammary glands breasts Ovaries Glands that produce eggs and hormones estrogen and progesterone Fallopian tubes Transport the mature ovum from the ovary to the uterus Uterus A muscular structure where zygote is implanted after conception Cervix Neck of the uterus; for delivery of a fetus Female Organs of Reproduction

Labia majora folds of adipose tissue that protect vaginal opening Mons pubis pad of fat that joins labia majora Labia minora pink folds of skin between labia majoria Female Organs Continued

Menstrual Cycle Menstruation shedding of blood tissue Onset years Cycles about every 28 days A mature ovum is released about the 14 th day If ovum releases ovum & not fertilized, the endometrial layer sheds causing bleeding (menses) lasting 3-7 days The menstrual cycle continues until 45 to 50 years of age

Ovulation release of egg Mittelschmerx pain during middle of menstrual cycle (cramping pain) thought to be caused by irritation of peritoneum Menstrual cycle cont’d

Pregnancy results from the union of the ovum and sperm, usually in the fallopian tube lasts about 280 days (9 months) Zygote time from conception to 2 weeks Embryo 2 weeks gestation to 8 weeks Fetus 8 weeks until birth

Increase in muscle mass of uterus & elongation of vagina Uterus increases 16 times normal size Secretions, vascularity, & elasticity of cervix & vagina increase in preparation for delivery Amniotic Sac membrane that surrounds fetus to protect from temperature & infection Placenta part of uterus formed that filters blood from mom to provide nutrients to baby Fetus born prior to 37 week or weighing less than 2500 g (5 lb ½ oz) considered to be premature Changes during pregnancy

Three stages of labor First stage: start of contractions until cervix is dilated to 10 cm Second stage: delivery of the baby, called parturition Third stage: delivery of the afterbirth, or placenta, which takes place about 15 minutes later Postpartum- 6-8 weeks after birth Labor & Delivery

Growth: changes in height, weight, & body proportions Development: change in psychological and social functioning Growth & Development

Palpation Most disorders of the reproductive system can be assessed by palpation Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test Blood test that measures PSA to detect prostrate cancer in men Pap smear Cells of the cervix are removed and studied Assessment Techniques

Mammography X-ray technique used to visualize breast tissue Amniocentesis Procedure in which amniotic fluid is removed and tested to detect abnormalities of the fetus Ultrasonography Uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize structures deep in the body

Cancer of the female reproductive system Breast, endometrial, and cervical Cancer of the Male reproductive System Testicular & Prostate Disorders

Endometriosis Growth of endometrial tissue in an area other than the uterus Fetal alcohol syndrome Physical and mental birth defects that result from damage to the fetus by alcohol consumed by the mother Ectopic pregnancy Fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus

Syphilis Caused by a bacteria. 3 stages. Stage 1- painless sores Stage 2- infection spreads to the bloodstream causing fever and a rash on hands Stage 3- Nervous system damage Genital warts Caused by one type of human papillomavirus Treatment includes surgical removal, freezing, chemical or electrical burning Gonorrhea Bacterial infection. When first diagnosed doctors believed men were leaking seed/sperm. Herpes simplex virus One of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. No cure exists

Chlamydia Caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease. Causes painful urination and discharge Chancroid A contagious bacterial infection characterized by painful ulcers on the genital area

Human papillomavirus Infection often does not cause visible symptoms. AKA- HPV 40 different types Most important risk factor for development of cervical cancer Leukorrhea A whitish vaginal discharge Orchitis An inflammation of the testes

Alternatives in conception Birth control In vitro fertilization Surrogacy Infertility One out of every six couples is infertile Factors include low sperm count, STDs, and stress Issues & Innovations