Лекція № 2 Grammar in Use: Dentistry

To talk about a future happening or a future situation.

Future Simple I / we you / they + will + verb he / she / it I will send you a copy of the latest article on oral cancer as soon as I get it. She will attend the European Congress next year. Dentistry will be very different in a hundred years time.

To say that we will be in the middle of something at a certain time in the future.

Future Continuous Will be + gerund of the verb (verb +ing) This time tomorrow morning he will be attending the conference on medications and the CNS. I will be examining this patient tomorrow at 3 p.m.

To say that something will already have the result before a certain time in the future.

Future Perfect Will have + past participle of the verb. I think the doctor will already have arrived by the time we begin the procedure. Our doctor will have consulted you by the end of the week. You will have received the schedule by 5 o’clock.

Past Simple To talk about actions or situations in the past (they have already finished): I enjoyed the course of Anatomy last term. To say that one thing happened after another: Yesterday we had a terrible duty. To talk about happenings and actions that are not connected with the present (historical events): Fleming discovered penicillin.

Past Simple The simple past has the following forms: Affirmative: The past of the regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive (treated). The past of the irregular verbs has its own form (write – wrote). Negative: Did/didn't + the base form of the verb. Questions: ± Did I/you/... + the base form of the verb

To say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time.

Past Continuous Was/were + gerund of the verb. This time last year I was writing an article on lipid metabolism. The doctor was examining the patient when the nurse entered the ward. The dentist was measuring the depth of periodontal pocket at 6 o’clock yesterday. When I entered the hospital, many patients were waiting in the corridor.

Past Perfect Shows an action that happened in the past before another past action. Had + past participle of the verb.

Past Perfect is used: To say that something had already happened before something else happened: When I arrived at the meeting, the chairman had already begun his presentation. We use adverbial modifiers of time: by 5 o'clock, by the end of the year: He had sent his abstracts to the Congress by the 1st of June.

MODAL VERBS Modal verbMeaningExample Can (past form – “could”) ability One can classify developmental abnormalities of teeth into several categories May (past form – “might”) permission or possibility Genetic factors may cause abnormalities of tooth development Must (past form – “had to”) obligation For treating class III malocclusion, a direct cause must be identified Should (past form – “should have + past participle“) adviceYou should give up smoking

MODAL VERBS Overcrowding of teeth can cause dental caries and gingivitis. Anomalies of bite can be hereditary. Enamel hypocalcification may affect all teeth in the dentition. The patient may leave the hospital. The patient must follow the doctor’s prescription. Dental diseases must be promptly diagnosed and treated at the early stages. You should follow the doctor’s instructions.

Video: Pulpitis In general, two damage mechanisms that may cause an inflammation of the pulp can be distinguished. But a bone infection may also develop in the absence of bacteria. Bacteria feed off the tissue residue and can multiply without hindrance. An insufficient amount of immune cells may contribute to the development of an infectious reaction in the bone. The “migrating bacteria” settle in places where they can escape the immune system.

Video: Pulpitis Years later, a root canal sclerosis may lead to a root resorption. If there is an infectious focus, a spreading of the bacteria may occur. There may still be cell debris attached to the walls. Sometimes, all these processes may occur simultaneously in a tooth. One should also not forget that every patient experiences pain differently. That is why every focus of infection should be treated irrespective of its developmental history.