Characteristics of Plants multicellularmulticellular eukaryoticeukaryotic autotrophic - photosyntheticautotrophic - photosynthetic cell walls with cellulosecell walls with cellulose chloroplasts with chlorophyllchloroplasts with chlorophyll

The first true plants to live on land had to develop ways to adapt to their new environment. 1.cuticle 1.cuticle – protective outer coating to prevent water loss

2. stomata - openings in cuticle to allow gases in and out during photosynthesis

CO 2 in O 2 out

3. toughlignin 3. tough lignin combined with cellulose provided support to stems and leaves

Plants have two main divisions: Nonvascular Vascular (most plants)

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants. ex: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

They do not have vascular tissue (specialized tissue for carrying water up their stems). To keep from drying out, they grow in moist places and stay very short.To keep from drying out, they grow in moist places and stay very short. They receive their moisture and nutrients by either diffusion or osmosis.They receive their moisture and nutrients by either diffusion or osmosis.

Their “roots” (called rhizoids) and “leaves” are just projections of the stem.

Plants reproduce by Alternation of Generations.

Thegametophyteproduces gametes by mitosis. The gametes fuse to form a zygote. The zygote grows into the sporophyte. The sporophyte produces spores which germinate into the next gametophyte generation. The gametophyte is the dominant generation.

gametophyte

Anthredium produces sperm. Moss Gametophyte Archegonium produces eggs.

Antheridium – Produces sperm Archegonium – Produces egg Sperm – needs water Zygote – Develops into sporophyte

The capsule of the sporophyte releases spores. Spores are produced by meiosis. The zygote develops into the sporophyte.

Sporophyte – Produces spores Sporesreleased

The spores develop into protonema. The protonema grows into a gametophyte.

Protonema – Develops into gametophyte

Protonema Gametophyte Archegonium Sperm Antheridium Zygote Sporophyte Spores

Importance of Mosses Pioneer plants that break down rocks and help form soil by providing organic matter.

Importance of Mosses - Peat Moss Compressed and dead can be burned as fuelCompressed and dead can be burned as fuel –Some of it formed coal deposits. It is also sold to gardeners as mulch to hold moisture around plant roots.It is also sold to gardeners as mulch to hold moisture around plant roots.

Plant Characteristics and Nonvascular Plants 1.List the characteristics of plants. 2.What is the function of the plant’s cuticle? 3.How do plant get carbon dioxide? 4.How are plants divided? 5.What is vascular tissue? 6.How do nonvascular plants get water and nutrients? 7.What is alternation of generations? 8.Which generation is the dominant generation of a moss? 9.What is a rhizoid? 10.Which generation produces gametes? Spores? 11.Name 2 uses of mosses.

The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis.The gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis. The gametes fuse to form a zygote which grows into the sporophyte.The gametes fuse to form a zygote which grows into the sporophyte. The sporophyte produces spores which germinate into the next gametophyte generation.The sporophyte produces spores which germinate into the next gametophyte generation. The gametophyte is the dominant generation.The gametophyte is the dominant generation. Life Cycle of Mosses alternation of generations know diagram