MICROBES !!!

Viruses

Alive? Viruses are non-living! –They do not carry out respiration. –They do not grow or develop –Cannot reproduce without a host cell

Viral Structure Inner Core –Contains nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) with instructions for making copies of the virus Outer protein coat called a capsid May have an additional layer of protein called an envelope

Viral Structure 4 major shapes of virus –Helical –Polyhedral –Studded Envelope –Polyhedral with leg- like extensions

Viral Reproduction Lytic Cycle (eg. The flu) –Very Fast (about 30 minutes) –Takes over host cell’s genetic material –Kills the host cell quickly Lysogenic Cycle (HIV virus, herpes simplex 1) –Not fast –A provirus is formed-it becomes part of the host cell’s chromosome –Changes the host cell, doesn’t kill it quickly –Can enter the lytic cycle at any time, usually because of some sort of stress

Viral Diseases Herpes Chicken Pox Influenza Meningitis Measles Mumps

Treatments for Viral Diseases Vaccines- alert the immune system without causing the illness Anti-viral drugs Many have no cures but simply medicines to control symptoms

Lytic Cycle

Lysogenic Cycle

Bacteria: Classification and Structure

What are the 6 Kingdoms? Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

Classification of Bacteria Archaebacteria: extremists Eubacteria: –Heterotrophs –Photosynthetic autotrophs –Chemosynthetic autotrophs

Archaebacteria Live in extreme locations: –Oxygen-free environments –Concentrated salt-water –Hot, acidic water

Eubacteria - Heterotrophs Found everywhere Parasites: live off of other organisms Saprobes: live off of dead organisms or waste (recyclers)

Eubacteria: Photosynthetic Autotrophs Photosynthetic: make their own food from light Cyanobacteria: blue-green, yellow, or red ponds, streams, moist areas

Eubacteria: Chemosynthetic Autotrophs Get energy by breaking down inorganic substances like sulfur and nitrogen Make nitrogen in the air usable for plantsMake nitrogen in the air usable for plants {Very Important}

Structure of Bacteria Two parts to Bacteria Structure: –Arrangement –Shape

Arrangement Paired: diplo Grape-like clusters: staphylo Chains: strepto

Shape Rod: bacillus Spheres: coccus Spirals: spirillum

Examples Streptococcus: chains of spheres Staphylospirillum: Grapelike clusters of spirals Streptobacillus: Chains of rods

Bacterial Diseases Pneumonia Strep Throat Meningitis Salmonella Cholera Bubonic Plague

Treatment Bacterial infections can usually be treated by using antibiotics. –The first antibiotic was Penicillin which was discovered by Alexander Fleming in –Penicillin is derived from a fungus and works by eating holes in the cell wall of the bacterial cells