1. Viruses
Viruses are nonliving particles that can reproduce when in a living cell
Not considered living because they don’t carry out respiration, grow, or develop
Why aren’t viruses named according to the rules of binomial nomenclature?
They aren’t living
A cell in which a virus replicates is called the host cell.
Viruses are parasites found in air, water, soil.

2. A virus that infects a bacterium is called a bacteriophage.

3. How does a virus recognize its host?
A protein on the surface of a virus has a shape that matches a molecule in the plasma membrane of its host, allowing the virus to lock onto the host cell.
How are viruses classified according to nucleic acid? Give an example of a virus from each type.
DNA viruses– chicken pox, warts
RNA viruses—polio, rabies, AIDS

4. Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycle.
Both are viral reproductive cycles. In a lytic cycle, the virus causes the destruction of the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA becomes integrated into the host cell’s chromosome, after which it is passed on to future generations of the host cell.
PG KNOW

5. Compare and contrast provirus and retrovirus.
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme injected into a host cell, which copies viral RNA into DNA.
Compare and contrast provirus and retrovirus.
Provirus is a DNA virus that has been inserted into a host cell chromosome. Retrovirus is an RNA virus that contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which copies viral RNA into DNA

6. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Saprobes feed on dead organisms.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs.
Why is penicillin ineffective in destroying viruses or animal cells?
Penicillin interfered with the enzyme that links the sugar chains in the bacteria cell wall. Because neither viruses nor animals have cell walls, penicillin has no effect on them.
When bacteria grow in penicillin, holes develop in their cell walls, water enters their cells, and they rupture and die.

7. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process known as binary fission.
Conjugation-simple form of sexual reproduction
The bacterium transfers all or part of its chromosome to another cell through or on a bridgelike structure that connects the two cells
Shapes of bacteria
Streptococcus-long chains of round cells
Rod shaped-botulism
Spiral shaped-AIDS

8. In what ways might rickettsia be similar to viruses?
Rickettsia are bacteria that are obligate parasites. Viruses are parasites, too.
Endospores are structures in some bacteria that is resistant to adverse environmental factors.
Bacterial form that is in a state of slow metabolism and that does not reproduce.

9. Discuss how bacteria have adapted to their diverse habitats.
Describe the adaptations bacteria might have to live in an extreme habitat.
Reproduce quickly, utilize substances that other organisms cannot use, protective structures (endospores)
Discuss how bacteria have adapted to their diverse habitats.
Rapid reproduction, utilize poisonous substances, they are anaerobic(don’t need oxygen), live in low pH environments.

10. Toxin-poison produced by some bacteria
Several species of bacteria have enzymes that convert nitrogen gas into ammonia—nitrogen fixation
Bacteria are used in
Farming
The medical industry
The food industry