Term 1 Molecules in motion After Intro to Biology Scientific method, taking notes, Harvard Referencing, Using the Microscope

Macromolecules:  Page 13 Heinemann  Inorganic Molecules-water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and minerals  Organic Molecules-complex compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen  STUDENTS- read and make own notes on the composition of organisms plus water and oxygen/carbon dioxide, nitrogen and minerals

Year 11 Chemistry of Life  What chemicals do organisms need or make?  Water (65-70% of the body)  Proteins  Fats  Carbohydrates  (These are all organic Substances)

Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules, and fill numerous roles in living things such as;  Storage and transport of energy (Starch and glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants in chitin animals)  They contain elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen  The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides, such as glucose, galactose and fructose.  Two joined monosaccharides are called disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose.  Anything larger than this is a polysaccharide. Polysaccharides, such as starch, glycogen or cellulose, can reach many thousands of units in length.  Note: ordinary carbohydrates are made of a glucose molecule linked to another monosaccharide like fructose-to form a disaccharide.

Fats  Fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen too, but they contain more carbon and hydrogen than they do oxygen- so it is the proportions of the elements which change the substance.  Fats may either solid or liquid at normal room temperature, depending on their structure and composition.  They consist of a wide group compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water.  Main part glycerol and attached to this are chains called fatty acids, which can be split to have the separate parts by adding water (hydrolysis)  If we remove water they link-condensation  Fats give us warmth/insulation  Energy stores

Structure of a carbohydrate and fats

Proteins  Proteins also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and nitrogen - sometimes they contain sulphur.  Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides; proteins are essential parts of all living organisms and participate in every process within cells.  Proteins are relatively large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds  There are about 20 amino acids in nature  The particular amino acids present and the order in which they occur vary from one protein to another.  In a protein the chain of amino acids is coiled and folded to form a protein  The protein can be broken back down by breaking the bonds first by hydrolysis- to get the polypeptides, then by condensation- amino acids individually

Proteins cont:  Proteins are found in various structures  Hair  Bones  Muscles  Blood  Soluble proteins-enzymes  Can’t heat a protein above 40 degrees or denatures and can’t function  Chemical reactions in the body occur in two places the gut and the cells!  Reactions in the cells are called metabolism  Some reactions build things up –  Glucose-to multi sugars-glycogen to be stored  Or broken down-glucose for energy, water, carbon dioxide  Reactions are catalysed by enzymes  Warmer the temperature the faster processes go until over the 40 degrees- denaturing  Within cells reactions take place in the watery solution- that’s why we need lots of water!

Students Need to write own notes on nucleic acids & vitamins

HOMEWORK:  KEY QUESTIONS PAGE 17  AND CHAPTER REVIEW  ***YOU NEED TO RESEARCH A DISEASE THAT RESULTS AS A LACK OF EITHER A VITAMIN (b12) OR A MINERAL (Calcium) and produce at least a half page word doc and be prepared to read out to the class next lesson.