Supranational Organizations Part 1

What is a supranational organization? When three or more states form an administrative structure based on mutual benefit and a pursuit of shared goals… Some are global and some are regional… Some economic and some are based in military support Examples: UN EU WTO NATO OEEC OECD NAFTA African Union ASEAN COMECON OPEC

THE UNITED NATIONS

World War I Million* Death Toll o Formed the League of Nations to prevent future war. o The LoN was an intergovernmental organization with the goals of arbitration, disarmament, and collective security o Failed World War II Million* Death Toll o Another try at collective security… * (Low + high estimate) The Terrible Price of WAR

June, 1941 in London, England o Home of the 9 exiled governments Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Yugoslavia and France, o Established the concept of enduring peace requiring the co-operation of the free peoples of the world Signed by the 9 and Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Union of South Africa “The only true basis of enduring peace is the willing cooperation of free peoples in a world in which, relieved of the menace of aggression, all may enjoy economic and social security; “It is our intention to work together, and with other free peoples, both in war and peace, to this end.” Declaration of St. James Palace

Influenced by the Dec. of St. James Palace o Officially came into existence on Oct. 24 th, 1945 UN. originally had 51 members o The term was originally coined by FDR History of the UN

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED o to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and o to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and o to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and o to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, United Nations Charter- PREAMBLE

AND FOR THESE ENDS o to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, and o to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and o to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and o to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS o Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations. United Nations Charter- PREAMBLE

The 4 Main Purposes 1.To keep peace throughout the world; 2.To develop friendly relations among nations; 3.To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms; 4.To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.

General Assembly (NYC) Security Council (NYC) Economic and Social Council (NYC) The Secretariat (NYC) International Court Of Justice (The Hague, Netherlands) o Not the ICC The United Nations (5 Entities)

All members of the UN have representatives, each with an equal vote.* o Currently has 193 members o Meets regularly in NYC The UN President is elected from among the member states. o Mr. Mogens Lykketoft o Denmark is the current President (70 th Session) *Only UN body that operates this way General Assembly

Handles Budgetary Issues Selects non-permanent members of the Security Council Make recommendations on international peace and security to the Security Council through resolutions Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote o International political cooperation o Development of international law o Protect human rights o International collaboration in economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields Functions and Powers of the General Assembly

5 permanent members o China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States 10 non-permanent members serving two year terms o Angola (2016) Malaysia (2016) New Zealand (2016) Spain (2016) Venezuela (2016) o Egypt (2017) Japan (2017) Senegal (2017) Ukraine (2017) Uruguay (2017) Goal/Mission: maintenance of international peace and security Representative of each member must always be present at UN Security Council

Attempts to prevent violent conflict by offering mediations (talking) and work to find a peaceful settlement If there is a fight its first goal is to end it as soon as possible, issuing cease-fire directives, or sending peace-keeping forces peace-keeping forces o may decide on enforcement measures, economic sanctions, or collective military action Security Council

The VETO POWER The 5 permanent members of the security council have veto power. They cannot stop debate of an issue, but any one of them can stop/block the adoption of a resolution. o EXAMPLES Condemning Israeli Settlements o US vetoed resolution of action Sanction of President al-Assad of Syria o China and Russia vetoed resolution of action

The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary- General. Duties include helping resolve international disputes, administering peacekeeping operations, and gathering information on the implementation of the Security Council decisions. o The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that, in his or her opinion, may threaten international peace and security The Secretariat + the Secretary General The current Secretary- General, Ban Ki-moon

Coordinate economic, social, and related work of UN specialized agencies 54 members elected for overlapping three year terms o 14 allocated to Africa, 11 to Asia, 6 to East Europe, 10 to Latin America and Caribbean, 13 to Western Europe and other states Economic and Social Council Commission on… o Statistics o Population and Development o Social Development o Human Rights o Status of Women o Narcotic Drugs o Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice o Science and Technology for Development o Sustainable Development o Forum on Forests

Peace Palace, the Hague, Netherlands Its purpose is to settle disputes among member states. o The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing, among others, and continues to hear cases. International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice (ICJ) La Cour Internationale de Justice (CIJ) International Criminal Court (ICC) La Cour pénale internationale (CPI) Year Court Established UN-Relationship Official court of the U.N., commonly referred to as the "World Court." Independent. May receive case referrals from the UN Security Council. LocationThe Hague, The Netherlands Types of Cases Contentious between parties & Advisory opinions Criminal prosecution of individuals Subject Matter Sovereignty, boundary, & maritime disputes, trade, natural resources, human rights, treaty violations, treaty interpretation, and more. Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes of aggression FundingUN-funded. Assessed contribution from state parties to the Rome Statute; voluntary contributions from the U.N.; voluntary contributions from governments, international organizations, individuals, corporations and other entities. ICJ vs. ICC

Millennium Development Goals All 189 United Nations member states at the time (there are 193 currently), and at least 23 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:

The UN Year in Review