1. United Nations Overview World History – Sobotta

2. Forerunner League of Nations –1919: Treaty of Versailles –“Promote cooperation and achieve peace and security.” –3 reasons it failed No U.S. USSR Non-Committal No “teeth”

3. United Nations Founding 1944: US, UK, China, Soviet Union – early proposals 1945, San Francisco: 51 countries create charter UN Day: October 24

4. Membership Member? Accept obligations of UN Charter 1945: 50 members sign + Poland 1949: 59 (Israel) 1956: 80 (Japan) 1960: 99 (16 in Africa) 1971: 132 (5 in Middle East) 1977: 149 (Viet Nam) 1992: 179 (former Soviet states) 2006: 192 (Montenegro) Who’s not in the United Nations?

5. United Nations Purpose

6. UN Purposes UN Charter: INTERNATIONAL peace, security –Solve international problems –Friendly relations –Respect human rights 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

7. UN Principles Sovereign equality of all members. Fulfill obligations of charter – assistance. Settle disputes peacefully. Refrain from threat or use of force. No domestic interference.

8. General Assembly All members: one seat, one vote Sept-Dec Decision Making –Want Consensus –Settle for vote (majority or 2/3)

9. Security Council Anytime peace threatened 15 members –5 Permanent –10: 2-year terms 9/15 vote “Permanent” Veto

10. The “UN System” 6 main committees 30 affiliated organizations (IMF, World Bank, WHO) 9000 employees Secretariat Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, Republic of Korea

11. Key U.N. Agencies World Health Organization – Monitoring & information; coordination; research/drugs. Unicef – UN Children’s Fund UNHCR – Support for refugees. IAEA – Atomic energy safety & security. WTO – World Trade Organization IMF – International Monetary Fund – Emergency loans. World Bank – Development loans.

12. Carrots –Ceasefire and/or truce. –Peacekeepers to separate warring parties. –Mediation: Negotiate peace plans. –“Safe areas” and humanitarian relief. –Financial Assistance. Sticks –Political Sanctions: No participation. –Economic Sanctions: Restricted trade, loans. –Investigations and criminal tribunals. –“No Fly” Zone. –Endorse military intervention.