1. Cells and macromolecules Cells: Procaryotic cell, Eucaryotic cell Macromolecules: DNA, RNA, Protein, Lipids, Polysaccharides, Complex macromolecules

2. The universal phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA sequence

3. Cellular classification Procaryotic cell Eucaryotic cell

4. Procaryotes Eucaryotes Eubacteria Archaea Structural 1-10μm, pili, flagella, 10-100 μm features no distinct subcellular organelles organelles Linkage (membrane ester ether ester lipids) Differentiation formation of spores embryonic cell differentiation

6. Cell wall to prevent cell lysis in environments of low osmolarity Plasma membrane lipid bilayer and embedded proteins for small molecule exchange Genetic materials nucleiod (single and circular chromosome), plasmid Ribosomes protein synthesis machinery Pili to allow the cell to attach to other cells and surface Flagella cell movement

8. Subcellular Organelles Nuclei Mitochondria and chloroplasts Endoplasmic reticulum Microbodies

13. Glyoxysomes are specialized plant peroxisomes which carry out the reactions of glyoxylate cycle Microbodies

14. Organelle isolation Sedimentation coefficient (S) Supporting materials for density gradient centrifugation: sucrose, Ficoll, cesium chloride

15. Polysaccharides Glycosidic bond

16. Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids

17. Complex macromolecules Covalent or noncovalent associations of more than one major classes of large biomolecules which greatly increases the functionality or structural capabilities of the complex. Nucleoprotein Glycoprotein Lipoprotein

18. Large macromolecular Assemblies Protein complexes Nucleoprotein Membranes Noncovalent interactions

19. Protein complexes

20. Nucleoprotein Ribosome ribosomal proteins ＋ rRNAs Chromatin DNA+histone (nucleosome) Virus protein capsid + RNA or DNA Telomerase replicating the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. RNA acts as the replication template, and protein catalyzes the reaction Ribonuclease P protein + RNA, for tRNA muturation

21. Membrane Bilayer lipids + proteins Acceptor Enzyme Channel Medium

22. Noncovalent interactions Charge-charge interactions (salt bridges) charged molecules Charge-dipole, dipole-dipole either or both of the participants is a dipole. Dispersion interactions non-polar molecule van der Waals forces noncovalent associations between uncharged molecules. Hydrogen bonds (dipole-dipole): nucleic acids Hydrophobic interaction : proteins