1. Section 3 An Age of Renewal and Growth (pp. 119- 158)

2. Section 3, Part 1 Renaissance and Reform (pp. 120- 132)

3. Introduction (p. 120)  The Avignon Papacy, Great Western Schism, and Conciliarism weakened the papacy during the 14 th century  Opened the door to nationalism (and humanism through the Renaissance) in the 15 th and 16 th centuries  Marks the end of the Late Middle Ages and beginning of the Modern Era in the 16 th century  Also opened the door to the Protestant Reformation that fractured the unity of Christianity in Western Civilization (Eastern unity had already been fractured by the Eastern Schism)  Three Articles  (A. 27) – The Renaissance (pp. 121-124)  (A. 28) – Luther’s Complaint (pp. 124-127)  (A. 29) – Religious Confessions in Europe (pp. 127-131)

4. Article 27: The Renaissance (pp. 121-124)  Middle Ages came to a close in the 14/15 th century  Gave way to the Renaissance and humanism  Definitions, origins, rise, method, major players, +/- ‘s  10 Renaissance popes (Nicholas V in 1447 to Leo X in 1521)  Advanced the arts but at a cost—greed, nepotism in the college of cardinals, sale of indulgences, etc…  Alexander VI (1492-1503)  Scholarship  Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)—Christian humanist  Johannes Guttenberg (c. 1440)—printing press  Art and Music—pray with all of our senses  Patrons: Medici’s, Renaissance pope Julius III, St. Phillip Neri,  Artists: Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Botticelli, Bernini, Giotto, Raphael, Donatello, Fra Angelico; Palestrina  Architecture  St. Peter’s Basilica by Bramante, Michelangelo, & Julius II in Rome  Santa Maria del Fiore in 1436 by Brunelleschi in Florence

5. Article 28: Luther’s Complaint (pp. 124-127)  In 1500, religious/political situation in Europe was volatile  Combination of Church scandals and nationalism  Sale of indulgences was powder keg and Luther was the fuse  Indulgences  Original & present day theology & practice vs. abuse in 15/16 th c.  Martin Luther (1483-1546)  Germany, Augustinian priest, monk, & scholar (Patristic/Scripture)  Central belief—justified by faith in God not pious works  Lutheran World Federation and Church resolved issue in 1999  Sought to dialogue and reform, not break--95 Theses (10.31.1517)  Central practice attacked was sale of indulgences  Called to Rome, refused, formulated a more extreme position  Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, and Sola Gratia  Led to only Baptism & Eucharist for Sacraments

6. Article 28 cont.: Luther’s Complaint (pp. 124-127)  Leo X (1513-1521) did not get involved until Dec. 1520  Too focused on the Renaissance; “squabble among monks”  Luther excommunicated in Jan 1521 after 60 days  Duke Frederick of Saxony “kidnapped”  Luther translated bible into German & wrote catechisms—p. press  Luther won over Germany due to nationalism and weak papacy  Charles V afraid of German nobles so does not arrest Luther  By 1525 Luther was so strong he came out of hiding and married  Priesthood of all the believers, rejected celibacy  Wrote Augsburg Confession in 1530 with Phillip Melanchthon  Basis of Lutheranism and beginning of Protestantism (really 1555)  National Church with vary organization in different places  Conclusion  Luther was right, Luther was wrong, the Church was right, the Church was wrong: content and method

7. Homework  Read pp. 127-131 (A. 29) in the e-Book for discussion in class tomorrow  p. 132; 3-5 (3.1 H.W.)

8. Article 29: Religious Confessions in Europe (pp. 127-131)  Post Luther Europe—new religious and political landscape as confessions formed  Germany  Lutheranism expanded and dominant  Anabaptists split off in Munster—apocalyptical; against infant baptism  Thirty Years War (1618-1648) & Peace of Westphalia (1648)—“cuius regio, eius religio”  Switzerland  John Calvin (1509-1564) began in France; fled under persecution  Calvinism—Sola Scriptura but denied Eucharist; simple worship & church  In Switzerland (1536) wrote Institutes of Christian Religion  Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) working in Zurich; Calvin in Geneva  Theocracy was necessary because of predestination  Strict laws and complete intolerance punishable by death

9. Article 29 cont.: Religious Confessions in Europe (pp. 127-131)  Great Britain  Henry VIII (1509-1547), Catherine of Aragon, & Anne Boleyn  Leo X (1513-1521), Clement VII (1523-1534), & Thomas More (side bar)  Political rather than theological break—Anglicans close today  Act of Supremacy (1534) and Act of the Six Articles (1539)  Church lost land, property, bishops, priests, religious, and laity  Edward VI (1547-1553) from Jane Seymour, Queen Mary (1553-1558) from Catherine and Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) from Anne Boleyn  Mary-restore Catholicism but Elizabeth purify Anglicanism from both Catholicism and Calvinism—Puritans left for Europe or New World  Supreme Governor of the Realm in Spiritual and Temporal Matters  Passed Thirty-nine Articles of Religion (1563)  Scotland became Calvinism; Presbyterian reform under John Knox in 1560  England tried to reform Ireland but they remained loyal to Rome  3 forms spread across N. Europe & to New World from 16 th - 18 th centuries  Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity  Unitatis Redintegratio (1964)  What does the Church do; what can you do?

10. Homework  p. 132; 1-2, 6-7 (3.1 HW)  Study for the 3.1 Quiz tomorrow (AA. 27-29; pp. 120-132)  Make sure the 3.1 HW is ready to turn in tomorrow (p. 132; 1-7)