1. Animal Breeding & Reproduction A.Discuss the meaning and importance of reproduction in animal agriculture B.Describe benefits of using genetically superior animals for breeding C.Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs D.Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness E.Describe signs of parturition and dystocia F.Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies

2. Why is it important for animal producers to understand principles of animal breeding?

3. Importance of Reproduction Producers rely on successfully reproducing young for economic success – Cow/Calf Operation without calves? – Hog farm without piglets? – Sheep farm without lambs? – Dairy farm without calves? A.Discuss the meaning and importance of reproduction in animal agriculture Each would fail in a short amount of time without successful reproduction

4. Importance of Reproduction Our food supply would be in jeopardy without sound animal reproductive practices A.Discuss the meaning and importance of reproduction in animal agriculture

5. Should any or all animals be used for breeding?

6. Choosing Superior Animals Responsible Animal Breeding: – Only breed animals with desirable characteristics to be passed on: Natural selection would eliminate most genetic problems, but artificial selection does not It is our responsibility to be responsible animal breeders B. Describe benefits of using genetically superior animals for breeding

7. Choosing Superior Animals Responsible Animal Breeding: – Improve the next generation Hybrid Vigor Eliminate poor characteristics Improve efficiency of food production B. Describe benefits of using genetically superior animals for breeding

8. Terminology Pregnancy -- carrying a fetus Fertilization -- the union of the EGG and SPERM nuclei Conception - occurrence of fertilization Ovulation - release of an ovule from the female. Gestation - the time from fertilization or conception of a female until she gives birth C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs

9. Terminology Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which eggs are formed and hormones are produced. – Egg or Ovule- Female Reproductive Cell Testes - MALE reproductive gland that produces sperm and testosterone. – Sperm- Male Reproductive Cell – Semen- Fluid that carries sperm C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs

10. Female Reproductive Organs C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs

11. Female Reproductive Organs C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs Ovaries Fallopian Tube Uterus Cervix Vulva Vagina Uterine Horns Infundibulum

12. Female Reproductive Organs C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs Vulva- opening of reproductive tract Vagina- channel for birth and copulation Cervix- divides vagina and uterus Uterus- Where fetus grows & receives nourishment Fallopian Tube- where fertilization occurs Ovaries- produces eggs and hormones

13. Male Reproductive Organs C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs

14. Male Reproductive Organs C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs Penis SheathScrotum Testicle Epididymis Vas Deferens Sigmoid Flexure Seminal Vesicle Cowper’s Gland Prostate Gland

15. Male Reproductive Organs Testes - produce sperm and testosterone Epididymis - collects and stores sperm Vas deferens - transports sperm Penis - places sperm in female Cowper's Gland Prostate Gland produce semen Seminal Vesicle Scrotum - protects testes & maintains temp. Sheath - opening of reproductive tract C. Define common terms and describe the function of reproductive organs

16. Estrous Cycles Estrous Cycle: – Time between periods of estrus, or “heat” – Often influenced by of hours of light in the day D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness

17. Estrous Cycles Estrous Cycles by Species: D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness SpeciesEstrous Cycle Length of Estrus (heat) Ovulation Cow2112-18 hours10-14 hours after estrus Mare226-8 days1-2 days before estrus ends Doe (goat)2130-40 hoursAt end of estrus Doe (rabbit)Constant 8-10 hours after mating Sow20-2140-72 hoursMid estrus Ewe1724-36 hoursLate estrus Dog-9 days1-2 days after estrus begins Cat14-215 days24 after mating

18. Estrous Cycles 1- Estrus- also known as “heat.” The period of time when female is receptive to male and conception can occur. - Hormone: Estrogen D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness 1-Estrus 2-Metestrus 2- Metestrus- follows estrus. Usually when ovulation occurs - Hormone: LH (leutenizing hormone)

19. Estrous Cycles 3- Diestrus- Period of cycle when system assumes pregnancy. - Hormone: Progesterone D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness 1-Estrus 2-Metestrus 3- Diestrus 4-Proestrus 4- Proestrus- If not pregnant, body prepares to begin cycle again - Hormone: Progesterone drops

20. Breeding Readiness Cattle- Standing to be mounted or trailing other cattle Clear, viscous mucous from vulva Swelling of vulva Restlessness D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness Horses- Restlessness whinnying Frequent urination in small amounts Backing up and pushing on fences or other objects

21. Breeding Readiness Pigs- Erect ears Moist vulva Standing or “Locked up Response” when touched D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness Sheep- Seeking out and standing for ram (symptoms are much less noticeable than other species)

22. Breeding Readiness Chickens- None Sperm from a rooster can be viable in a hen for up to 30 days. Once inseminated, it’s stored until the next egg is produced D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness Rabbits- None Does ovulate at presence of sperm, not on a cycle

23. Gestation Length of PREGNANCY. Begins with FERTILIZATION and ends with parturition (birth). All animals have different gestation lengths. Usually the LARGER the animal, the LONGER the gestation. D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness

24. Cattle Gestation Gestation- 283 days or 9 Months Breeding Season- Dairy: Year round, Beef: Summer-Fall Cycle: Year round, every 21 days D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness

25. Sheep & Goat Gestation Gestation: 145-150 days or 5 months Breeding Season- Fall/Winter (dairy goats year round) Cycle: Late fall when days get short “Short day breeders” D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness

26. Pig Gestation Gestation- 115 days OR 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days Breeding Season- year round Cycle- Year round every 21 days D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness

27. Horse Gestation Gestation- 336 days or 11 months Breeding Season- Spring Cycle- Spring/Summer when days are long “Long day breeders” D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness

28. Rabbit Gestation Gestation- 30 days Breeding Season- Year round Cycle- Constantly, year round D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness

29. Chicken Gestation Gestation- 21 days (incubation) Breeding Season- Year round or spring Cycle- Year round, but more productive when days are long D. Compare estrous cycles and gestation of different species and list common signs of breeding readiness

30. Parturition Parturition- The act of giving birth Signs: – Milk develops in udder – Abdomen drops – Nesting – Restlessness or pacing – Abdomen muscles contract (just before birth) E. Describe signs of parturition and dystocia

31. Stages of Parturition Stage 1 – – Preparatory Stage (Labor) Stage 2 – – Delivery of Fetus Stage 3 – – Expulsion of the placenta Stage 4 – – Period of Rest E. Describe signs of parturition and dystocia

32. Dystocia Dystocia- Difficulty giving birth Causes: – Presentation – Oversized fetus – Multiple births – Exhaustion, uterine contractions stop Solutions: Call vet or assist yourself – Cesarean Section (c-section) – Assist manually E. Describe signs of parturition and dystocia

33. Dystocia Birth Presentations E. Describe signs of parturition and dystocia Leg Back Upside down & Backward Breech Head Back Normal

34. IV. Female Reproductive Hormones A.Gonadotropin Causes puberty Produced in the pituitary gland If pituitary is removed, individual remains infertile, no sexual cycle B.Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Promotes egg and follicle growth Follicle releases estrogen, primary female hormone

35. C.Progesterone (P4) Produced by corpus luteum Major production beginning in day 5 or 6 of pregnancy Maintains pregnancy If animal does not become pregnant, level drops by day 16-17 of cycle, P4 levels increase after ovulation and remain high until the end of diestrus If pregnancy occurs, P4 levels remina high until just before parturition. Promotes development of mammary glands

36. D.Estrogen Primary female hormone Group of hormones produced by follicles and placenta Initiate growth of mammary glands and ducts Levels peak at the beginning of standing heat E.Relaxin Produced by ovaries Causes relaxation of pelvic ligament for parturition F.Lutenizing Hormone (LH) Produced by pituitary Needed for ovulation and development of corpus luteum

37. F.Prostaglandins Produced by various tissues in the body and appears to be secreted by the uterus just prior to birth PGs are commercially produced and used to synchronize estrus and treat silent heats H.Prolactin (PIH) Produced by anterior pituitary Needed to begin lactation Maintains lactation I.Oxytocin Released by posterior pituitary Causes milk let down Helps uterus recover after birth

38. V. Effects of hormones produced by ovaries and testes A.Ovaries Estrogen brings female in to heat Aids in moving sperm and egg together by increasing contractions of the female reproductive tract Stimulates cell growth in the uterus in preparation for the embryo Progesterone Prevents ovulation and causes heat period to end

39. B.Testes Testosterone Affects sex drive Causes growth and development in male reproductive tract Necessary for maturation and survival of sperm

40. I.Breeding Systems A.Straightbreeding-mating animals of same breeds B.Crossbreeding-mating animals of different breeds C.Considerations 1. Type of operation 2. size of herd 3. money available 4. goals of owner Breeding Systems

41. II.Types of Crossbreeding A. Purebred Breeding 1. Characteristics of a particular breed 2. BOTH parents must be purebred 3. Able to register in breeds association a. Color disqualifications b. Recessive gene traits 4. Linage is traceable for several generations 5. Homozygous-identical genes for a trait 6. Provide foundation stock for crossbreeding

42. B.Inbreeding-mating of related animals 1. Closebreeding-animals are closely related and have more then one common ancestor. 2. Linebreeding-animals more distantly Related and can be traced back to one common ancestor. 3. Inbreeding increases genetic purity 4. Undesirable traits become more visable 5. Selection and culling is made easier

43. 6. Desirable traits are more closely grouped 7. Requires careful planning and culling 8. This system is expensive 9. Used by Universities and Seedstock breeders. C. Outcrossing-mating of animals of different families within the same breed. 1. Animals are not closely related 2. Bring in desirable traits 3. Most animal breeding 4. Reduces the chances of undesirable traits

44. D. Linecrossing-mating animals from two different lines in same breed E. Grading Up-mating of purebred sires to grade females. 1. Grade Animal-any animal not qualified for purebred registration. 2. Improves the quality of herd animals 3. Less expensive 4. Improvements based of quality of sire used 5. Greatest amount of improvement comes in first breeding.

45. D. Crossbreeding-mating two animals of different breeds. 1. Result is a hybrid 2. Results in improved traits 3. Dominant genes cover recessive undesirable traits. 4. Heterosis-Superior traits that result from crossbreeding 5. Is used mostly in market livestock. Not Dairy

46. Reproductive Technologies Any method of reproduction that is not a natural method F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies

47. Reproductive Technologies Artificial Insemination Collecting and placing sperm from the male to the female reproductive tract without natural mating F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies

48. VI. Advantages of Fertility Testing Bulls A.Prevents loss of calf crop B.Increase calf crop C.Provides means of selecting bulls D.Provides means of culling bulls from herd E.Shorten calving season F.Increases profit

49. VII. Causes of sterility and delayed breeding in bulls A.Poor semen B.Physical defects or injuries C.Psychological problems D.Infection and disease E.Poor management and feeding F.Inherited abnormalities

50. VII. Parts of a sperm cell A.Head B.Neck C.Middle Piece The middle piece of the sperm cell stores energy for the sperm cell D.Tail The tail propels the sperm

51. IX. Types of Abnormal Sperm A.Tailless Head B.Two Heads C.Abnormal Shaped Head D.2 tails E.Coiled Tail F.Abnormal Middle Piece

52. X. Evaluating Quality of Bovine Semen A. Color--Acceptable color ranges from milky to creamy Note: This indicates sperm per cubic millimeter of 500,000 or above. Other colors indicating less than 500,000 sperm/cu. mm. would be opalescent (cloudy) to watery.) B. Foreign material--Blood or pus in the semen indicates a serious problem and is unacceptable; bedding, dust or fecal material should be disregarded (Note: Pus may appear as snowflakes around the edges of a tilted vial.)

53. C.Wave pattern (Note: This is best determined by placing a thick drop of semen on a slide under a microscope on low power and with reduced light.) 1. Acceptable a. Very good - 4 - Dark, distinct waves moving rapidly b. Good - 3 - Waves apparent, with moderate motion 2. Not acceptable a. Fair - 2 - Waves barely distinguishable b. Poor - 1 - No waves, but motile sperm are present c. Very poor - 0 - No waves and no sperm motility

54. D.Progressive motility (Able to move spontaneously) 1.Acceptable samples should have a progressive motility exceeding 50 percent 2.Ratings 1.Very good- 5 - 80-100% motile sperm 2.Good – 4 - 60-80% motile sperm cells 3.Fair- 3 - 40-60% motile sperm cells 4.Poor – 2 -20-40% motile sperm cells 5.Very poor- 1-0-20% motile sperm cells

55. XI. When to check a bull for fertility A.Just before breeding season A.Soon after breeding season

56. XII. Fertility Problems A.Sterility 1.Animals unable to reproduce 2.No remedy B.Age 1.Fertility levels decrease as age increases 2.Female--Eggs not produced regularly 3.Male--Reduced sperm concentration C.Deformities--Deformed parts of reproductive tract Example: Undescended testicles

57. D.Temperature 1. Male--High temperatures can end sperm production 2. Female--Heat stress reduces size and number of offspring E.Condition 1. Temporary infertility when animals not in good general condition 2. Abrupt change in nutritional levels, overfeeding and underfeeding can all reduce fertility

58. F.Freemartin 1. Heifer born twin to a bull 2. 90% infertile G. Silent heat 1. Shows no signs of estrus 2. Caused by improper hormone release 3. Causes cyst H. Chronic buller 1.Caused by hormone imbalance 2.Female seems to stay in heat 3.Conception does not occur I. Disease and infections 1.Can cause death of fetus 2.Can prevent conception

59. XII. Advantages of Pregnancy Testing A.Cuts winter feed bills B.Identifies pregnant cows C.Provides means of culling cows D.Increases profit A.Example:Setting goal of 90 to 95% calf crop within 30 days (Note: Slaughter cows will bring a higher return if known to be open. Purebred animals will bring more money if known to be safely with calf.)

60. Reproductive Technologies Artificial Insemination Step 1: Collect & Store Semen -Collect Semen -Extend sample and place in straws -Store in liquid nitrogen F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies

61. XIV. Equipment used in inseminating A.Frozen Semen Storage Tank 1.Liquid nitrogen storage (-320 F) 2.Several straws stored for long periods/ B.Thaw Tank 1. 95 degree water 2. About a minute C.Breeding Guns 1. Insert Semen into female tract D.Plastic Gloves

62. A B D C

63. F.Insemination Tube 1. Covers straw and gun 2. Protects semen and eases insemination G. Semen Straw 1.Stores Semen 2.Protection H.Straw clippers 1. Cuts end of straw

64. XV. Errors in placing inseminating tube

65. Reproductive Technologies Advantages of Artificial Insemination 1-Wider selection & use of outstanding sires 2-Rapid Genetic and herd improvement 3-Overcome physical barriers to mating - Examples: Aggressive behavior or injuries 4-Danger of the bull is eliminated 5-Eliminate cost of purchasing and keeping a bull

66. Reproductive Technologies Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination 1-Skilled Technician or training required 2-Very close supervision of females is necessary to accurately determine stage of estrus.

67. XVIII.Other types of Fertility Aid A. Sexed Semen 1. Collected and prepared to produce all male or female offspring. 2. About 90% Accurate 3. Cost about 4 times more B. Estrous Synchronization 1. Bringing a group or single animal into heat 2. Use of synthetic hormones 3. Shots or implants

68. Reproductive Technologies Embryo Transfer The transfer of fertilized egg(s) from a donor female to one or more recipient females Utilizes genetics of superior FEMALES by producing more offspring per year than by natural breeding methods F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies

69. Reproductive Technologies Cloning Producing an EXACT genetic copy of an organism F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies

70. Reproductive Technologies Cloning “Scamper” F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies Charmayne James was first Million Dollar Cowgirl, 1990 11 Consecutive Barrel Racing Championships First WPRA Member listed in Guinness Book of World Records, 1987&92 WPRA Record Most NFR Qualifications, 19 (consecutive) All won on her beloved horse, “Scamper”

71. Reproductive Technologies Cloning “Scamper” F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies Few people involved in the horse industry haven't heard the legendary story of Gill's Bay Boy, affectionately known as "Scamper," and his jockey and partner Charmayne James who together set the world of pro rodeo on fire beginning in 1984. Scamper came to Charmayne as an untrained young prospect with a renegade reputation and was best known in those days for bucking off ranch cowboys. At the tender age of 14 Charmayne did the inconceivable. She trained and cared for Scamper and in the process revealed the limitless potential concealed beneath his common exterior. With dedication and careful attention to conditioning Charmayne produced an equine legend whose historical achievements will not soon if ever be duplicated. The young horsewoman was herself a prodigy honing her training skills to take Scamper from the anonymity of the feedlot to the spotlight of the rodeo arena. The two inevitably raced to unforgettable performances in arenas from Houston to Las Vegas and most everywhere in between along the way. Scamper and Charmayne's list of accolades together are endless and include Scamper's induction into the PRCA Hall of Fame, as well as Charmayne's place in the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame, National Cowboy Hall of Fame, and Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame, among others.

72. Reproductive Technologies Scamper’s Clone: “Clayton” F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies

73. Reproductive Technologies Is cloning new? F. Describe the purpose and benefits of reproductive technologies Mule cloned at USU in 2003 “Dolly” cloned in 1996

74. Bell Quiz Objective A, B, & C 1.Why is successful animal reproduction important to the finances of farming and ranching? 2.How would it effect our food supply if animal producers were NOT successful at reproducing their animals? 3.Should all animals be used for breeding? 4.What is the male & female reproductive cell? 5.What 3 glands produce semen in the male reproductive tract?

75. Bell Quiz Objective D 1.What is the difference between “estrous” and “estrus?” 2.How long is the gestation of a sheep or goat? 3.How does daylight effect the estrous cycle of some animals? 4.What is unique about a rabbit’s reproductive system that allows them to reproduce quickly?

76. 1.What is the definition of dystocia? 2.What does the word, parturition mean? 3.Name 3 signs that could indicate that an animal will give birth soon. 4.What purpose does the placenta serve in the growth and development of a fetus? 5.Describe a normal birth presentation of a calf. Bell Quiz Objective E

77. 1.What reproductive technology is used to enhance the # of offspring a superior SIRE can have 2.What reproductive technology is used to enhance the # of offspring a superior DAM can have 3.What are 2 benefits of Artificial insemination? 4.What are 2 disadvantages of Artificial Insemination? Bell Quiz Objective F