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11 Muscles of the Body
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Superficial Muscles of the Body—Anterior View
Trapezius Shoulder Deltoid Arm Triceps brachii Biceps brachii Brachialis Forearm Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Pelvis/thigh Iliopsoas Pectineus Thigh Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Leg Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Head Facial Temporalis Epicranius, frontal belly Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Orbicularis oris Neck Sternohyoid Sternocleidomastoid Thorax Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Intercostals Abdomen External oblique Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae Adductor longus Gracilis Gastrocnemius Soleus Masseter Platysma (a) Figure 11.8a
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Superficial Muscles of the Body—Posterior View
Neck Epicranius, occipital belly Arm Sternocleidomastoid Triceps brachii Trapezius Brachialis Shoulder Deltoid Forearm Infraspinatus Brachioradialis Teres major Extensor carpi radialis longus Rhomboid major Triangle of auscultation Flexor carpi ulnaris Latissimus dorsi Extensor carpi ulnaris Hip Extensor digitorum Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Iliotibial tract Thigh Adductor magnus Gracilis Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Leg Semitendinosus Gastrocnemius Semimembranosus Soleus Fibularis longus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon (b) Figure 11.8b
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Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column
Mastoid process Splenius capitis Spinous processes of the vertebrae Splenius cervicis (b) Posterior Figure 11.12b
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Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column
Trunk extension Deep muscles of the back Maintain normal curvatures of the spine Form a column from sacrum to the skull Erector spinae group Largest of the deep back muscles
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Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column
Mastoid process of temporal bone Semispinalis capitis cervicis Multifidus Quadratus lumborum thoracis Longissimus capitis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus thoracis Spinalis thoracis Iliocostalis lumborum External oblique Iliocostalis Longissimus Erector spinae Spinalis Ligamentum nuchae (c) O = origin I = insertion Intertransversarius Rotatores Multifidus Interspinales PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: Iliocostalis A&P Flix: Spinalis PLAY A&P Flix: Longissimus (d)
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Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing
Deep muscles provide movements for breathing External intercostal muscles Lift the rib cage Internal intercostal muscles Aid expiration during heavy breathing
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Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing
Diaphragm Most important muscle of respiration Flattens as it contracts Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
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Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing
External intercostal Internal intercostal (a) PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: External intercostal muscles A&P Flix: Internal intercostal muscles Figure 11.13a
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Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing
Foramen for esophagus Costal cartilage Lumbar vertebra Diaphragm Quadratus lumborum Psoas major Xiphoid process of sternum Foramen for inferior vena cava Central tendon of diaphragm Foramen for aorta 12th rib (b) Figure 11.13b
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Lateral and anterior abdominal wall Formed from three flat muscle sheets External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Fourth muscle pair Rectus abdominis Inserts at the linea alba
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Linea alba Tendinous intersection Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Inguinal ligament (formed by free inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis) Aponeurosis of the external oblique (a) PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: Internal obliques A&P Flix: External obliques Figure 11.14a
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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Rectus abdomini Internal oblique External oblique Transversus abdominis PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: Transverse abdominis A&P Flix: Rectus abdominis Figure 11.14c
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Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
Movements of the scapula Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Subclavius PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: Pectoralis major A&P Flix: Serratus anterior PLAY A&P Flix: Pectoralis minor
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Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Pectoralis major Sternum Biceps brachii (a) Subclavius Clavicle Subscapularis minor Coracobrachialis Serratus anterior Humerus Figure 11.16a
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Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Movements of the scapula Trapezius Levator scapulae Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: Trapezius A&P Flix: Levator scapulae PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: Rhomboid major A&P Flix: Rhomboid minor
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Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Trapezius (c) Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Clavicle Spine of scapula Infraspinatus Teres minor Humerus Deltoid Teres major Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid minor Figure 11.16c
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Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
Levator scapulae (d) Rhomboid minor major Infraspinatus Teres major Teres minor Latissimus dorsi Trapezius Deltoid Triceps brachii Triangle of auscultation Figure 11.16d
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Movements of the arm Deltoid Pectoralis major Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Lateral head Long head Medial head Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachio- radialis (a) Anterior view PLAY A&P Flix: Deltoid Figure 11.17a
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Movements of the arm A&P Flix: Latissimus dorsi A&P Flix: Supraspinatus A&P Flix: Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Spine of scapula (b) Posterior view Deltoid (cut) Greater tubercle of humerus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Humerus Olecranon process of ulna Lateral head Long head Anconeus PLAY PLAY PLAY Figure 11.17b
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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Movements of the arm A&P Flix: Teres minor A&P Flix: Teres major A&P Flix: Subscapularis Supraspinatus Spine of scapula (b) Posterior view Deltoid (cut) Greater tubercle of humerus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Humerus Olecranon process of ulna Lateral head Long head Anconeus PLAY PLAY PLAY Figure 11.17b
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Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii Lateral head Long head Medial head PLAY Biceps brachii A&P Flix: Biceps brachii Brachialis PLAY A&P Flix: Brachialis Brachio- radialis PLAY A&P Flix: Brachioradialis (a) Anterior view Figure 11.17a
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Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
Posterior muscles—extensors of the forearm Triceps brachii Anconeus Anterior muscles—flexors of the forearm Biceps brachii—also supinates the forearm Brachialis Brachioradialis PLAY A&P Flix: Triceps brachii
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Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers
Muscles of the Forearm Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers Tendons are anchored by Flexor and extensor retinacula Most forearm muscles arise from the distal humerus Movements at the wrist include Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Wrist and fingers are “operated” by muscles in the forearm
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Originate from a common tendon
Muscles of the Forearm Flexors Anterior flexor compartment Innervated by median and ulnar nerves Originate from a common tendon Medial epicondyle of the humerus
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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Forearm
Biceps brachii Medial head of triceps brachii Tendon of biceps brachii Pronator teres Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus Flexor retinaculum (a) Medial epicondyle of humerus Flexor carpi radialis Palmar aponeurosis Superficial transverse ligament of palm Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis PLAY A&P Flix: Flexor carpi radialis PLAY A&P Flix: Flexor carpi ulnaris PLAY A&P Flix: Flexor digitorum superficialis Figure 11.18a
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Deep Anterior Muscles of the Forearm
Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Pronator quadratus
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Deep Anterior Muscles of the Forearm
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis (cut) Lumbricals Tendon of flexor pollicis longus Tendon of brachioradialis (cut) Thenar muscles of thumb Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris (cut) Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris (cut) Pronator quadratus Pronator quadratus Tendon of flexor carpi radialis (cut) Flexor pollicis longus Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum superficialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor digitorum profundus Supinator Supinator Tendon of biceps brachii (cut) (b) (c) Figure 11.18b, c
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Muscles of the Forearm Extensors Posterior compartment of the forearm
Innervated by the radial nerve Originate at a common tendon Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Forearm
Insertion of triceps brachii Anconeus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digiti minimi Extensor indicis Tendons of extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus Extensor expansion (a) Extensor pollicis longus brevis Abductor pollicis longus Extensor digitorum radialis brevis radialis longus Brachioradialis Tendons of extensor digitorum Brachioradialis— flexes forearm Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: Extensor carpi radialis longus A&P Flix: Extensor digitorum PLAY PLAY A&P Flix: Extensor carpi radialis brevis A&P Flix: Extensor carpi ulnaris Figure 11.19a
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Deep Posterior Muscles of the Forearm
Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis and longus Extensor indicus Interossei Extensor indicis Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis longus Supinator Anconeus PLAY A&P Flix: Supinator Olecranon process of ulna (b) Figure 11.19b
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Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Fine movement of the fingers All located in the palm Control precise movements Include muscles of Adduction, abduction, and opposition
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Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
Flexor digitorum profundus Tendons of superficialis Third lumbrical Fourth Opponens digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor Pisiform bone Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon tendons Flexor pollicis longus Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor retinaculum Abductor pollicis longus pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis Adductor pollicis Dorsal interossei First lumbrical Second lumbrical Fibrous sheath (a) Superficial layer Figure 11.21a
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Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints
Thigh and leg movements Anterior muscles Flex the thigh and extend the leg at the knee Posterior muscles Extend the thigh and flex the leg
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Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints
Thigh and leg movements Adductor muscles—on medial aspect of thigh Adduct the thigh only Deep fascia of the thigh Surrounds and encloses all three groups
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Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints
Movements at the hip joint Muscles that flex the thigh Originate on vertebral column or pelvis Muscles that extend the thigh Arise posterior to the hip joint Adductors originate medial to the hip joint Abductors originate lateral to the hip joint
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Anterior and Medial Muscles
Origin on pelvis or vertebral column Iliacus Psoas major Sartorius Muscles of the medial compartment Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis PLAY A&P Flix: Iliopsoas PLAY A&P Flix: Sartorius
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Anterior and Medial Muscles
12th rib Quadratus lumborum 12th thoracic vertebra 5th lumbar vertebra Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Patella Patellar ligament Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Iliacus Anterior superior iliac spine Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Sartorius Tendon of quadriceps femoris Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Iliopsoas (a) Figure 11.22a
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Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
Quadriceps femoris Has four separate heads Has a common insertion at the quadriceps tendon Powerful knee extensors Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Tensor fasciae latae PLAY A&P Flix: Rectus femoris PLAY A&P Flix: Vastus lateralis PLAY A&P Flix: Vastus medialis PLAY A&P Flix: Vastus intermedius
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Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
(b) Patella Tensor fasciae latae Iliopsoas Sartorius Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis medialis Pectineus Adductor magnus Gracilis longus 12th rib Quadratus lumborum 12th thoracic vertebra 5th lumbar vertebra Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Patella Patellar ligament Psoas minor Iliac crest Psoas major Iliacus Anterior superior iliac spine Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Sartorius Tendon of quadriceps femoris Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Iliopsoas (a) Figure 11.22a, b
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Posterior Muscles Origin on pelvis or sacrum Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Lateral rotators Piriformis Obturator externus Obturator internus Superior and inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris PLAY A&P Flix: Gluteus maximus PLAY A&P Flix: Gluteus medius
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Posterior Muscles Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus
Gracilis Iliotibial tract Long head Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Short head Biceps femoris (c) Figure 11.23c
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Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh
Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Superior gemellus PLAY A&P Flix: Biceps femoris Piriformis Obturator internus Obturator externus PLAY A&P Flix: Semimembranosus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris PLAY A&P Flix: Semitendinosus Gluteus maximus (cut) (a) Figure 11.23a
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Fascia lata of the leg surrounds muscles
Muscles of the Leg Fascia lata of the leg surrounds muscles Tightly binds muscles Prevents swelling during exercise Aids venous return Divides leg into three compartments Tendons are held in place by Extensor, fibular, and flexor retinacula Muscle movement at ankle and intertarsal joints
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Muscles of the Anterior Compartment
Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibia Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Extensor hallucis brevis Extensor digitorum Superior and inferior extensor retinacula (a) Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius Extensor hallucis longus PLAY A&P Flix: Tibialis anterior PLAY A&P Flix: Extensor digitorum longus PLAY A&P Flix: Extensor hallucis longus Figure 11.25a
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Muscles of the Lateral Compartment
Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Flexor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Patella Head of fibula Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Fibularis brevis Flexor hallucis longus Fibular retinaculum Lateral malleolus Superior and inferior extensor retinacula Extensor digitorum brevis 5th metatarsal Extensor hallucis brevis (a) PLAY A&P Flix: Fibularis longus PLAY A&P Flix: Flexor hallucis longus Figure 11.26a
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Muscles of the Lateral Compartment
Tendon of fibularis longus O = origin I = insertion (b) Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis (c) Figure 11.26b, c
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Muscles of the Posterior Compartment
Superficial muscles Triceps surae Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris PLAY A&P Flix: Gastrocnemius PLAY A&P Flix: Soleus
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Muscles of the Posterior Compartment
Plantaris Tendon of gastrocnemius Calcaneal tendon Medial malleolus Medial head Gastroc- nemius Lateral head Lateral Calcaneus (a) Soleus Tendon of tibialis posterior Tendon of plantaris Fibularis brevis Head of fibula Popliteus Plantaris Gastroc- nemius Lateral head (cut) Medial head Fibularis longus (b) Figure 11.27a, b
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Muscles of the Posterior Compartment
Deep muscles Popliteus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis posterior Plantaris (cut) Gastrocnemius lateral head (cut) Gastrocnemius medial head (cut) Popliteus Soleus (cut) Tibialis posterior Fibula Fibularis longus Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus PLAY A&P Flix: Tibialis posterior Tendon of tibialis posterior Fibularis brevis PLAY A&P Flix: Flexor digitorum longus Medial malleolus Calcaneal tendon (cut) PLAY A&P Flix: Flexor hallucis longus Calcaneus (c) Figure 11.27c
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Muscles of the Foot Plantar interossei Adductor hallucis
(d) Fourth layer: plantar Adductor hallucis (transverse head) (oblique head) Interosseous muscles Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Fibularis longus (tendon) Flexor accessorius Flexor digitorum longus (tendon) (c) Third layer Figure 11.28c, d
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Palpation—feeling internal structures through the skin
Surface Anatomy Palpation—feeling internal structures through the skin “Living anatomy”—provides information about Palpation of arterial pulses Skeleton, muscles, and blood vessels Sounds of the heart and lungs Where to give injections
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The Anterior Thorax and Abdomen
Jugular notch Clavicle Sternal angle Infrasternal angle Costal margin Linea semilunaris Iliac crest Pubic symphysis Pubic crest Pectoralis major Midaxillary line Midclavicular line Xiphoid process Serratus anterior Tendinous intersections in the rectus abdominis Linea alba External oblique Anterior superior iliac spine Inguinal ligament Figure 11.31
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Structures felt through the skin
The Abdomen Structures felt through the skin Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Inguinal ligament Runs medially from anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle Pubic crest
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Surface Anatomy of the Back
Acromion Spine of scapula Medial border of scapula Teres major Inferior angle Triangle of auscultation Latissimus dorsi (superior border) Trapezius (lateral border) Spinous processes Superior part Inferior part Deltoid muscle Posterior median furrow Erector spinae Supracristal line at L4 Iliac crest, superior point Figure 11.32
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Muscles of the Back Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Erector spinae
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Surface Anatomy of the Back
Acromion Spine of scapula Medial border of scapula Teres major Inferior angle Triangle of auscultation Latissimus dorsi (superior border) Trapezius (lateral border) Spinous processes Superior part Inferior part Deltoid muscle Posterior median furrow Erector spinae Supracristal line at L4 Iliac crest, superior point Figure 11.32
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Shoulder and Arm Acromioclavicular joint Clavicle Greater tubercle
of the humerus Intermediate part Anterior part Deltoid Posterior part Teres major (a) (b) Biceps brachii Median bicipital furrow Base of the axilla Anterior axillary fold Posterior axillary Trapezius Olecranon process of ulna Triceps brachii Figure 11.33
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Acromion—lateral end of the spine of the scapula
The Shoulder Deltoid muscle Humerus Acromion—lateral end of the spine of the scapula Acromioclavicular joint Deltoid muscle Covers the greater tubercle of the humerus Figure 11.34
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The region between the shoulder and elbow Humerus Biceps brachii
The Arm The region between the shoulder and elbow Humerus Palpated through skin along its entire length Biceps brachii Medial bicipital groove The medial boundary of the biceps brachii Triceps brachii
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The Arm Acromioclavicular joint Clavicle Greater tubercle
of the humerus Intermediate part Anterior part Deltoid Posterior part Teres major (a) (b) Biceps brachii Median bicipital furrow Base of the axilla Anterior axillary fold Posterior axillary Trapezius Olecranon process of ulna Triceps brachii Figure 11.33
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Lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus
The Elbow Lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus Ulnar nerve—“funny bone” runs across medial epicondyle Olecranon process of the ulna Cubital fossa—(antecubital fossa) Forms anterior surface of forearm
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The Anterior Surface of the Forearm and Fist
(a) Posterior view of left arm and forearm (b) Anterior view of left arm and forearm Medial head Head of radius Tendon Long head Lateral head Triceps brachii Extensor muscles Ulna Head of ulna Olecranon process of ulna Cubital fossa Brachioradialis Medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus Pronator teres Flexor muscles Tendon of flexor carpi radialis Tendon of palmaris longus carpi ulnaris Figure 11.35
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Forearm Bones Ulna—palpate entire length
Styloid process and head—distal end Radius—partly covered in muscle Head of the radius—proximal end Styloid process—distal end
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Flexor muscles—anterior forearm
Muscles of the Forearm Flexor muscles—anterior forearm Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus This muscle is absent in about 30% of people Extensor muscles—posterior forearm
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Muscles of the Forearm Figure 11.36
(a) Anterior view of distal forearm (b) Dorsal surface of the hand Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Pisiform bone radialis Palmaris longus Anatomical snuff box Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis Tendons of digitorum pollicis longus Figure 11.36
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Other Structures of the Forearm
Anatomical snuff box bordered by Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus
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The Hand Dorsum of hand Dorsal venous network
Tendons of extensor digitorum
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Posterior superior iliac spine Sacroiliac joint
Gluteal Region Iliac crests Posterior superior iliac spine Sacroiliac joint Prominences of the buttocks “Cheeks” of the buttocks Formed from subcutaneous fat and the gluteal muscles
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The Gluteal Region Most superior point of iliac crest Gluteus
medius maximus Gluteal fold Dimple for posterior superior iliac spine Most superior point of iliac crest Natal cleft Ischial tuberosity Greater trochanter Hollow posterior to the greater trochanter Figure 11.37
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Medial and lateral condyles of the femur Patella
Thigh Medial and lateral condyles of the femur Patella Three groups of muscles Quadriceps femoris—anterior thigh Vastus lateralis—injection site Adductors—medial thigh Hamstrings—posterior thigh
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Thigh Inguinal ligament The femoral Adductor triangle longus
Sartorius Vastus lateralis The femoral triangle (within dashed outline) (b) Lateral thigh site Figure 11.38b
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The Thigh The femoral triangle Popliteal fossa
Superior border—inguinal ligament Inferior borders Sartorius Adductor longus Popliteal fossa Diamond-shaped hollow on posterior knee Defined by borders of “hamstring” tendons and gastrocnemius
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Palpate patella to find the patellar ligament
Leg and Foot Palpate patella to find the patellar ligament Structures of the proximal leg Tibial tuberosity Lateral and medial condyles of the tibia Head of the fibula Structures of the distal leg Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus
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Leg and Foot Figure 11.39 Femoral triangle Adductor longus Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Patella (a) Anterior thigh Lateral condyle of femur of tibia Head of fibula Anterior muscle compartment Anterior border Medial condyle Patella Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity Medial surface (b) Anterior knee and leg Patella Head of the fibula Fibularis muscles Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus (c) Lateral leg and foot Tibialis anterior in anterior muscle compartment Lateral malleolus Tendons of extensor digitorum Anterior border of tibia Medial surface Medial malleolus Tendon of extensor hallucis longus (d) Anterior leg and foot Figure 11.39
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Muscle Groups of the Leg
Posterior calf muscles Gastrocnemius and soleus Calcaneal tendon—inferior end of the soleus and gastrocnemius Anterior compartment muscles Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum Fibularis
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Muscle Groups of the Leg
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris Hamstring muscles: Medial head Popliteal fossa Soleus Lateral head Calcaneal tendon Lateral malleolus Calcaneus Gastrocnemius: Figure 11.40
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