1. Unit 3 Lecture 2: The Central Nervous System (CNS) 1: Spinal cord and brain stem 2: Brain – 4 lobes of cerebrum, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex 3: Limbic system Demonstration: 1 st, 2cnd, 3 rd association memory test Procedures: 1.Get out loose leaf. 2.# 1-20 3.When I say a category, you will right down either the 1 st, 2cnd, or 3 rd item that comes to your mind. Demonstration: 1 st, 2cnd, 3 rd association memory test Procedures: 1.Get out loose leaf. 2.# 1-20 3.When I say a category, you will right down either the 1 st, 2cnd, or 3 rd item that comes to your mind.

2. II. The Central Nervous System (CNS) Part 1: Spinal cord and brainstem Spinal cord transmits messages between brain and rest of body Brainstem—part of spinal cord that enters brain – Medulla: controls heart rate, breathing – Reticular formation: processing depot as information enters brain from spinal cord Also linked to arousal (sever=coma; electric stimulation=awake) – Thalamus: sends incoming messages to appropriate part of brain for further processing (except smell!)

3. Damage to the spinal cord and brainstem can lead to: DEATH (if medulla is severed, heart and breathing stop) CNS information highway is cut in ½ (brain and rest of body cannot communicate) Paralysis and lack of feeling below area injured—YET not all messages must go to brain!! “Why does a chicken run around after its head is cut off?” and other cool stuff Cat who’s reticular formation is severed goes into permanent coma Cat who’s reticular formation electrically stimulated while asleep instantly awakes Any predictions before I show you?

4. CNS Part 2: The brain A. Cerebellum—the most primitive part of the brain LOCATION: Base of brainstem in rear of head SIZE: Baseball (1 in each hemisphere) FUNCTIONS: – 1 type of nonverbal learning (there are other types done in other parts of brain) – Memory – Judgment of time – Modulate emotions – Textures and sounds – Coordinates voluntary movement

5. Damage to the cerebellum can lead to: 1) loss of coordination of motor movement/inability to reach out and grab things (asynergia) 2) the inability to judge distance and when to stop (dysmetria) 3) the inability to perform rapid alternating movements (adiadochokinesia) 4) vertigo (dizziness) 5) staggering, wide based walking (ataxic gait) 6) tendency toward falling 7) weak muscles (hypotonia) 8) slurred speech (ataxic dysarthria) 9) abnormal eye movements (nystagmus) Any predictions before I show you?

6. B: Occipital Lobes LOCATION: Rear of head, above cerebellum SIZE: Baseball (1 in each hemisphere) FUNCTION? – Visual perception—all information taken in from eyes is processed in this lobe

7. Damage to the occipital lobe can lead to: Defects in vision Difficulty with locating objects in environment. Difficulty with identifying colors (Color Agnosia). Production of hallucinations Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects. Word blindness - inability to recognize words. Difficulty in recognizing drawn objects. Inability to recognize the movement of an object (Movement Agnosia). Difficulties with reading and writing. Any predictions before I show you?

8. C: Parietal Lobes LOCATION: Top rear of head, above occipital and temporal lobes SIZE: Grapefruit (1 in each hemisphere) FUNCTION? – Sensory perception (integrating all sensory information into 1 cognition/thought) – Spatial relations

9. Damage to the parietal lobes can lead to: Any predictions before I show you? Damage to the left parietal lobe can result in "Gerstmann's Syndrome” – right-left confusion – difficulty with writing (agraphia) – difficulty with mathematics (acalculia) disorders of language (aphasia) inability to perceive objects normally (agnosia) Damage to the right parietal lobe can result in: neglecting part of the body or space (contralateral neglect), which can impair many self-care skills such as dressing and washing difficulty in making things (constructional apraxia) and drawing

10. D: Frontal Lobes LOCATION: Top front of head, above temporal lobes SIZE: Grapefruit (1 in each hemisphere) FUNCTION? – Emotional control center – “Home” of personality – motor function – problem solving – spontaneity – memory – language – initiation – judgment – impulse control – social and sexual behavior

11. Damage to the frontal lobes can lead to: Do we even want to go there? Loss of simple movement of various body parts (Paralysis) Inability to plan a sequence of complex movements needed to complete multi-stepped tasks, such as making coffee (Sequencing) Loss of spontaneity in interacting with others Loss of flexibility in thinking Persistence of a single thought (Perseveration) Inability to focus on task (Attending) Mood changes (Emotionally Labile) Left damage leads to apathy, indifference and a loss of initiative though person does not “feel” depressed (pseudodepression) Right damage leads to immature behavior, lack of tact and restraint (pseudopsychopathy) without mental/emotional deficits

12. E: Temporal Lobes LOCATION: Right and left side of head above ears SIZE: Grapefruit (1 in each hemisphere) FUNCTION? – Hearing ability – Memory acquisition – Some visual perceptions – Categorization of objects

13. Damage to Temporal Lobes can lead to… disturbance of language comprehension altered personality and affective behavior altered sexual behavior (increase or decrease sex drive) Difficulty in recognizing faces (Prosopagnosia) Difficulty in understanding spoken words (Wernicke's Aphasia) Disturbance with selective attention to what we see and hear Difficulty with identification of, and verbalization about objects Short-term memory loss Interference with long-term memory Inability to categorize objects (Catagorization). Right lobe damage can cause persistent talking Increased aggressive behavior

14. F. Cerebral cortex Thin layer of deeply folded tissue that covers lobes of cerebrum No pain receptors allows for electrode stimulation of cortex to determine function

16. G. Corpus callosum On your own: read pp. 87-89 Understanding Psychology textbook. Take notes on the function of the corpus callosum and the case studies that demonstrate what happens if corpus callosum is damaged or severed.

17. CNS Part 3: the Limbic System (AKA “inner brain”) LOCATION: Deep within brain, next to thalamus, at top of brain stem SIZE/SHAPE: Doughnut shaped FUNCTION? Emotions, regulator, and memories

18. A. Hypothalamus: “body’s regulator” regulates hunger, thirst, response to pain, levels of pleasure, sexual satisfaction, anger and aggressive behavior regulates the autonomic nervous system pulse, blood pressure, breathing, and arousal in response to emotional circumstances.

19. B. Pituitary Gland Creates hormones messages and directs body’s other glands to produce hormones Hormones are vital for every process which occurs in our body including: digestion, growth, metabolism, stress control, mood swings, reproduction, menstruation etc.

20. C. Amygdala: Flight or fight response Directs aggressive and fearful responses

21. D. Hippocampus Converts short- term memory to long-term

22. How do we know what we know? PET scan a)Scan of subject with varying levels of optical stimulation b)Scan of subject who has been subject to hot probe on forearm a. b. On your own: Read pp. 90-93 “Understanding Psychology” text book. Take notes on your outline for each of the sections of the text. On your own: Read pp. 90-93 “Understanding Psychology” text book. Take notes on your outline for each of the sections of the text.