1. Food & Agriculture Chapters 11 & 12 APES2012

2. Questions to ponder How can we feed a world population of 9 billion? How can we feed a world population of 9 billion? What advancements in technology and agriculture need to occur in the next 50 yrs? What advancements in technology and agriculture need to occur in the next 50 yrs? Exactly what is organic food, industrial farming, and genetically modified foods? Exactly what is organic food, industrial farming, and genetically modified foods? Why should I care? Why should I care?

3. Watch for the following buzz words!! Overnourished Overnourished Undernourished Undernourished Malnourished Malnourished –Kwashiorkor –Marasmus

4. Is there enough food? As population has increased, our food supply has increased. As population has increased, our food supply has increased. There is enough food for everyone but it is not distributed equally. There is enough food for everyone but it is not distributed equally. We in US are overnourished- consume too many calories We in US are overnourished- consume too many calories Some countries have overcome food shortfalls Some countries have overcome food shortfalls –EX: Indonesia used to largest importer of rice, now they are the biggest producers of rice. –Why? irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, use high yielding crop varieties of rice. Other countries are still undernourished (don’t get enough calories) Other countries are still undernourished (don’t get enough calories) –Sub-Saharan Africa- drought, war, governmental mismanagement have kept people starving in poverty.

5. In developing countries, 800 million people are chronically hungry. 200 million of them are kids In developing countries, 800 million people are chronically hungry. 200 million of them are kids Undernourishment during childhood results in Undernourishment during childhood results in –Stunted growth –Mental retardation –Social/developmental disorders Undernourished more susceptible to infectious disease & diarrhea. Undernourished more susceptible to infectious disease & diarrhea.

6. Food Security Poverty is the greatest threat to food security- ability to get food everyday. Poverty is the greatest threat to food security- ability to get food everyday. 1.4 billion that live on $1/day can’t buy food or have no means to grow it for themselves. 1.4 billion that live on $1/day can’t buy food or have no means to grow it for themselves. In many families the males get largest & most nutritious share- females & kids have poorest diet. In many families the males get largest & most nutritious share- females & kids have poorest diet.

7. Malnourishment Not only need calories, but also specific nutrients Not only need calories, but also specific nutrients Malnourished- lack of necessary nutrients (protein, vitamins, minerals) Malnourished- lack of necessary nutrients (protein, vitamins, minerals) Kwashiorkor- protein deficiency but has enuf calories; reddish/orange hair, discolored skin, swollen belly, susceptible to infectious disease Kwashiorkor- protein deficiency but has enuf calories; reddish/orange hair, discolored skin, swollen belly, susceptible to infectious disease Marasmus- diet low in calories & protein; thin, shriveled, susceptible to infectious disease Marasmus- diet low in calories & protein; thin, shriveled, susceptible to infectious disease Most countries eat maize (corn), rice, manioc (tapioca) but these food lack essential vitamins like… Most countries eat maize (corn), rice, manioc (tapioca) but these food lack essential vitamins like… –Folic acid (for fetal brain development) –Vitamin A (for good vision) –Iron (for strong blood) –Iodine (for making of thyroxine- which regulates metabolism & brain fxn)

8. Quick write! Identify GM Food that will alleviate one of the previous diseases caused by malnourishment. Identify GM Food that will alleviate one of the previous diseases caused by malnourishment.

9. Famine http://www.cnn.co m/2011/WORLD/af rica/07/20/iyw.how tohelp.somalia.fami ne/index.html http://www.cnn.co m/2011/WORLD/af rica/07/20/iyw.how tohelp.somalia.fami ne/index.html http://www.cnn.co m/2011/WORLD/af rica/07/20/iyw.how tohelp.somalia.fami ne/index.html http://www.cnn.co m/2011/WORLD/af rica/07/20/iyw.how tohelp.somalia.fami ne/index.html

10. Famine Large-scale food shortages, massive starvation, social disruption, economic chaos Large-scale food shortages, massive starvation, social disruption, economic chaos Usually mass migrations to refugee camps in search of food & medical care Usually mass migrations to refugee camps in search of food & medical care Can be caused by… Can be caused by… –Environmental conditions- drought, insect infestations –Politics & War- political boundaries can prevent people from following traditional routes to flee environmental disaster

11. What you need to be healthy…

12. Major Crops Wheat & rice are staple foods for 5 billion people in developing countries. Wheat & rice are staple foods for 5 billion people in developing countries. In mountainous areas- potatoes, barley, oats & rye (N. Europe, N. Asia) In mountainous areas- potatoes, barley, oats & rye (N. Europe, N. Asia) In warm, wet areas- cassava, sweet potatoes, roots/tubers (Amazonia, Africa) In warm, wet areas- cassava, sweet potatoes, roots/tubers (Amazonia, Africa) In dry regions- Millet & sorghum (Africa) In dry regions- Millet & sorghum (Africa)

13. Meat, Milk, Poultry N. America, Europe, Japan make up 20% of world population. We consume 80% of milk & meat. N. America, Europe, Japan make up 20% of world population. We consume 80% of milk & meat. LDC have 80% of population, raise 60% of meat, but consume only 20% of that meat. Most is exported. LDC have 80% of population, raise 60% of meat, but consume only 20% of that meat. Most is exported. 90% of N. American grain is used to feed livestock. What a waste of energy! 90% of N. American grain is used to feed livestock. What a waste of energy!

14. CAFOs Concentrated animal Feeding Operations- Concentrated animal Feeding Operations- Large indoor/outdoor structures designed for max output. Large indoor/outdoor structures designed for max output.

15. Meat vs. Grain Every 20 kg of grain fed to cows produces 1 kg of edible meat. Every 20 kg of grain fed to cows produces 1 kg of edible meat. The other 19 kg are used by the animal for energy. The other 19 kg are used by the animal for energy. If we ate grain directly, we would get 21x more calories & 8x more protein than by eating the meat it produced. If we ate grain directly, we would get 21x more calories & 8x more protein than by eating the meat it produced.

16. Fish & Seafood Important source of protein in many countries Important source of protein in many countries Oceans & major rivers are overharvested or habitats are destroyed Oceans & major rivers are overharvested or habitats are destroyed Radar, sonar, remote sensing, GPS, longlines with 60,000 hooks, trawl nets large enough to engulf a jumbo jet, make it possible to exhaust entire populations in just a few years. Radar, sonar, remote sensing, GPS, longlines with 60,000 hooks, trawl nets large enough to engulf a jumbo jet, make it possible to exhaust entire populations in just a few years. 1 in 4 animals caught in nets are “by- catch” or non-target animals (diving birds, marine mammals) 1 in 4 animals caught in nets are “by- catch” or non-target animals (diving birds, marine mammals) According to UN, 70% of world’s edible ocean fish, crustaceans, & mollusks are declining & in urgent need of managed conservation. According to UN, 70% of world’s edible ocean fish, crustaceans, & mollusks are declining & in urgent need of managed conservation. Aquaculture- controlled fish farming- is becoming more popular Aquaculture- controlled fish farming- is becoming more popular

17. Agriculture: Soils, Green Revolution, Gene Revolution, Sustainable Agriculture

18. Importance of Soil Important resource for growing crops! Important resource for growing crops! An ecosystem (See Ch. 12 page 219-222) An ecosystem (See Ch. 12 page 219-222) More in the next Unit of Geology More in the next Unit of Geology

19. What nutrients are important in soil? Ask me about extra credit! 1. Nitrogen- (N) –Need for making chlorophyll for leaves –Rapid plant growth and healthy leaves. –Important for leafy veggies- spinach, lettuce, cabbage, soybeans, corn –Deficiency results in yellow or reddish leaves.

20. 2. Phosphorus- (P) –Needed for root development & growth. –Helps produce flowers & fruit –Deficiency results in darkening of leaves then reddish tinge around edges. –Important for beets, potatoes, carrots, & radishes. What nutrients are important in soil?

21. 3. Potassium- (K) –Also called potash –Deficiency results in puckering & yellow- brown leaves. –Needed for  Rapid cell growth at root tips  Resistance to disease  Makes stems strong Important for potatos, beets, carrots, radishes, bud crops (asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower) What nutrients are important in soil?

22. Why should we know about soil pH? pH of soil can affect how plants absorb N, P, K pH of soil can affect how plants absorb N, P, K Most plants like neutral to slightly acidic soil (6.0- 6.8) Most plants like neutral to slightly acidic soil (6.0- 6.8) Some carnivorous plants like more acidic (4.0-5.0) Some carnivorous plants like more acidic (4.0-5.0) To adjust soil pH… To adjust soil pH… –Add lime to make more basic –Add alum to make more acidic Prefer neutral (6.0-6.8) Prefer slightly acidic (5.0-6.5) Prefer strongly acidic (4.0-5.0) GrainsHollySundew VeggiesOrchids Pitcher plants Evergreen Venus fly trap Strawberrie s Azalea Potato Rhododend ron Carrotcamellia

23. What do those numbers mean on a bag of fertilizer? Indicates % of N, P, K in the fertilizer Indicates % of N, P, K in the fertilizer Different plants have different nutrient needs. Different plants have different nutrient needs. Pros of commercial fertilizer: Pros of commercial fertilizer: –Greatly increases crop yield –Greatly increase crop quality Cons of commercial fertilizer: Cons of commercial fertilizer: –Pollute & degrade soil –Cause eutrophication

24. New Crops We have used around 3,000 different crops as food source but now currently use about 16 different species. We have used around 3,000 different crops as food source but now currently use about 16 different species. Some New Crops… Some New Crops… –Winged beans- completely edible, resistant to disease, enrich soil, like warm climate –Tricale- cross betwn wheat & rye, likes light, sandy infertile soil, drought resistant, tested for growth in salty soil (might be able to irrigate with ocean water?)

25. Green Revolution #1 About 50 years ago, new strains of high yielding wheat & rice were developed through cross pollination About 50 years ago, new strains of high yielding wheat & rice were developed through cross pollination If given optimum levels of fertilizer, water, protection from pests these will yield lots of product. If given optimum levels of fertilizer, water, protection from pests these will yield lots of product. Poor farmers however, cannot afford the fertilizers, seeds, equipment, etc so did not help out in LDC. Poor farmers however, cannot afford the fertilizers, seeds, equipment, etc so did not help out in LDC.

26. The Green Revolution What are the characteristics of the Green Revolution? What are the characteristics of the Green Revolution?

27. Gene Revolution (2 nd Green Revolution) Genetic engineering- altering genes by splicing genes of desirable traits & inserting into food crop. Genetic engineering- altering genes by splicing genes of desirable traits & inserting into food crop. Potential for Potential for –Engineering crops to withstand salty, waterlogged, or low nutrient soil –“grown-in” pesticides so no spraying –Make food more nutritious 1/3 of all corn & soybean is transgenic; 1/5 of all cotton 1/3 of all corn & soybean is transgenic; 1/5 of all cotton 70% of all processed food is made with transgenic material 70% of all processed food is made with transgenic material

28. Thursday 2/21 1. Turn in your Green Revolution Packet to me. 2. Sign out a laptop. 3. Listen for info on Pest Resistance. 4. Be sure to bring your textbook with you on Friday.

29. Pest Resistance Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)- bacterium that is lethal to butterflies & beetles. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)- bacterium that is lethal to butterflies & beetles. Bt was transgenically inserted in potatoes, cotton, & corn. Bt gives off poison all growing season not just when needed. Bt was transgenically inserted in potatoes, cotton, & corn. Bt gives off poison all growing season not just when needed. Now scientists worried this is creating “superbugs” or Bt- resistant pests. Now scientists worried this is creating “superbugs” or Bt- resistant pests. By planting non-Bt crops with Bt crops allows some pests to “hide- out” and munch (keeping them “wild”, while others die.) By breeding “wild-type” and Bt exposed, may dilute recessive resistance gene. By planting non-Bt crops with Bt crops allows some pests to “hide- out” and munch (keeping them “wild”, while others die.) By breeding “wild-type” and Bt exposed, may dilute recessive resistance gene. Negatives- can kill “non-target” organisms (Monarch butterflies) if pollen moved by air to milkweed plant Negatives- can kill “non-target” organisms (Monarch butterflies) if pollen moved by air to milkweed plant

30. Weed Control Making plants with herbicide resistant genes means you can spray heavy doses of herbicide and kill weeds but not crop. “Roundup Ready” Making plants with herbicide resistant genes means you can spray heavy doses of herbicide and kill weeds but not crop. “Roundup Ready” Pros- don’t have to till so can leave crops to fall over & prevent soil erosion Pros- don’t have to till so can leave crops to fall over & prevent soil erosion Cons- may create “super- weeds” Cons- may create “super- weeds”

31. Sustainable Agriculture Soil Conservation important in maintaining arable land. 1. Land management- terracing, strip farming, contour plowing help prevent water & wind erosion 2. Using cover crops (rye, alfalfa) after harvest prevents erosion & returns N to soil. Also use mulch. Crop rotation!! George Washington Carver! 3. Use reduced tillage system a.Minimal till b.Conserv-till c.No- till planting- best; keeps all cover plant in place and pushes crop seed into soil d.Cons of these systems- must use more herbicide to keep weeds low. No till Agriculture

32. Review questions 1. What is the difference between Malnutrition and Marasmus? 1. What is the difference between Malnutrition and Marasmus? 2. How would you alleviate Kwoskiorkor? 2. How would you alleviate Kwoskiorkor? 3. Describe the Green Revolution. 3. Describe the Green Revolution. 4. What is the Blue Revolution? 4. What is the Blue Revolution?