1. Chapter 2 – Principles of Ecology

2. 2.3 Cycling of Matter

3. Vocabulary List matter nutrient biogeochemical cycle nitrogen fixation denitrification

4. To other organisms, this animal was a source of energy. How might animals have used it to survive?

5. How might plants have used it to survive?

6. How might this animal’s matter continue to cycle even after its nutrients have been consumed by predators or absorbed by the surrounding environment?

7. Matter provides the nutrients needed for organisms to function Matter is: Everything that takes up space and volume Not created or destroyed = the law of the conservation of mass Cycled through the biosphere. Cycles in the BIOSPHERE

8. Matter provides the nutrients needed for organisms to function Nutrients are: Chemical substances that an organism needs to perform life processes. Obtained by organisms from its environment. (along with water) the building blocks of all organisms include carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus Cycles in the BIOSPHERE

9. Nutrients cycle through the biosphere through organisms. 1.Producers begin the cycle  Plants (in most of the ecosystems) obtain nutrients from air, water, and soil.  Plants convert the nutrients into organic compounds that they use How do nutrients cycle through the biosphere?

10. Nutrients cycle through the biosphere through organisms. 2.When a consumer eats a producer, the nutrients in the producer pass to the consumer. For example, the nutrients in green grass pass to the cow that eats the grass. How do nutrients cycle through the biosphere?

11. Nutrients cycle through the biosphere through organisms. 3.The cycle continues until the last consumer dies. How do nutrients cycle through the biosphere?

12. Nutrients cycle through the biosphere through organisms. 4.Detritivores return the nutrients to the cycle, and the process begins again. How do nutrients cycle through the biosphere?

13. A combination of biological, chemical, and geological processes that exchange matter through the biosphere What is the biogeochemical cycle?

14. Beside biological and chemical processes, the cycle also requires geological processes such as weathering (breaks down large rocks into small pieces). – Plants and other organisms obtain nutrients from these pieces. What is the biogeochemical cycle?

15. Liquid water changes into water vapor (a gas) and enters the atmosphere = EVAPORATION The Water Cycle

16. As water vapor rises, it begins to cool and condense in the atmosphere, forming clouds The Water Cycle

17. When the droplets become large and heavy, they fall from the clouds as precipitation (rain, hail, sleet, or snow) The Water Cycle

18. Animation 3 Principles of Ecology Chapter

19. The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Why are carbon and oxygen important to organisms?  Living organisms are composed of molecules that contain carbon. (organic molecules)  Living things also need oxygen for many life processes  Carbon and oxygen make up molecules needed for life, (carbon dioxide, sugars, fats, proteins, DNA etc…).

20. Producers change carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and release oxygen into the air  PHOTOSYNTHESIS The carbohydrates (fats, sugars etc…) are a source of energy for all organisms in a food web. The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

21. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs release carbon dioxide into the air during CELLULAR RESPIRATION. The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

22. Carbon is also part of a cycle that could take millions of years to complete – conversion into fossil fuels such as gas, peat, or coal. – Carbon is released into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide when fossil fuels are burned. The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

23. Animation 4 Principles of Ecology Chapter

24. Organisms need nitrogen to produce proteins, however, most organisms cannot use nitrogen directly from the air. Nitrogen gas is captured from the air by a species of bacteria that live in water, the soil, or grow on the roots of some plants. NITROGEN FIXATION is the process of capturing and changing nitrogen into a form that plants can use The Nitrogen Cycle

25. Nitrogen enters the food web through plants. Consumers get nitrogen by eating producers or other animals that contain nitrogen. At each step in the food web, organisms reuse nitrogen to make proteins. How Does Nitrogen Enter Food Webs?

26. Nitrogen returns to the soil when animals urinate and when organisms die and decay. – When organisms die, decomposers break down matter in the organisms into a nitrogen compound called ammonia (NH 3 ) – Ammonia is changed by bacteria in the soil into nitrogen compounds that can be used by plants. – Some bacteria in the soil change nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas in a process called DENITRIFICATION (release of nitrogen gas (N 2 ) into the atmosphere) What Is DENITRIFICATION?

27. Nitrogen returns to the soil when animals urinate and when organisms die and decay. – When organisms die, decomposers break down matter in the organisms into a nitrogen compound called ammonia (NH 3 ) – Ammonia is changed by bacteria in the soil into nitrogen compounds that can be used by plants. – Some bacteria in the soil change nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas in a process called DENITRIFICATION (release of nitrogen gas (N 2 ) into the atmosphere) What Is DENITRIFICATION?

28. Animation 5 Principles of Ecology Chapter

29. Organisms must have phosphorus to grow and develop (bones, teeth, DNA, RNA…) The Phosphorus Cycles (Long Term and Short Term)

30. In the short-term cycle: – Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers to consumers. – Phosphorus returns to the soil when organisms die or produce waste products The Phosphorus Cycles

31. In the long-term cycle: – phosphorus is added to soil from weathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus. – Weathering and erosion are long processes. They slowly add phosphorus to the soil. The Phosphorus Cycles

32. Phosphorus does not dissolve in water, and only small amounts are present in soil. The growth of producers is limited by the amount of phosphorus available to them. The Phosphorus Cycles (Long Term and Short Term)

33. Animation 6 Principles of Ecology Chapter

34. CLASSWORK/HOMEWORK 2.3 Reading Notes 2.3 Study Guide BIOLAB: Field investigation: explore habitat size and species diversity Virtual lab? Chapter 2 TEST – Monday, April 28

35. 2.1 Study Notes

40. 2.1 Study Guide

42. 2.2 Study Notes

49. 2.2 Study Guide

51. 2.3 Study Notes

56. 2.3 Study Guide