2.  A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.  Two types: Independent and Dependent  There are three types of Dependent clauses: 1. Adjective clauses  Two kinds: Restrictive & Nonrestrictive 2. Adverb clauses 3. Noun clauses

3.  Adverb clauses show the relationships between ideas.  They show relationships of: time [ after, before, when, as, since, until, by the time] cause and effect [ because, since, now that] contrast [even though, although, though, while] condition [if, unless, in case, whether or not, even if]

4.  Structure: Subordinating conjunction + Clause [S+V+(O)]  Examples:  as soon as I get home  even though I don’t like broccoli  because I lost my bike

5.  adverb clause, main/independent clause  When I left for work, I forgot my wallet at home.  Every time I eat at that restaurant, I get sick.  main/independent clause adverb clause  I forgot my wallet at home when I left for work.  I get sick every time I eat at that restaurant.

6.  Adverb clauses of condition = If-clauses  Sentence has the same structure:  if-clause, main/independent clause  main/independent clause if-clause  If-clause = possible conditions (present tense)  Main/independent clause = the results (future tense)  EX: If it is sunny tomorrow, I will go to the beach. (present tense) (future tense)

7.  whether or not, even if  Def: neither this condition nor that condition matters; the results will be the same → Whether or not it snows, I will drive to Seattle tomorrow. → I will enjoy our picnic even if it’s windy.  in case  Def: something probably won’t happen, but it might → There will be $100 in the bathroom closet in case you need emergency money. → In case I am not available, will you leave a voice message?

8.  unless  Def: if…not (unless it’s cold = if it isn’t cold) → Unless it’s too hot, I will be at the beach on Sunday. → We will go to the movies unless you have to work.  only if  Def: there is only one condition that will cause a particular result → The pool party will be canceled only if there is a lightening storm. → Only if there is a lightening storm will the pool party be canceled. (NOTE: invert S & V, no comma is used)

9.  Adverb clauses show four relationships between ideas: time, cause & effect, contrast, and condition (if-clauses)  Adverb clauses can be shortened (If so…, If you are…)  Punctuate adverb clauses as follows:  adverb clause, main/independent clause  main/independent clause adverb clause  only if... main/independent clause with inverted S & V (no comma)

11.  Clause: a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.  Phrase: a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb  For Example:  While riding in the car, I had an excellent idea.  I went to sleep after studying for my final.

12.  Adverb Phrase: ▪ is a reduction of an adverb clause ▪ modifies the subject of the of the main clause ▪ does not contain a subject and verb  For Example:  While running for ASB president, Kathy gave many speeches.  Karla finished the marathon before running out of energy.

13.  Adverb clauses can be changed to a modifying adverbial phrase only when the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same. (a-g)  Two ways to change an adv. clause to a modifying adverbial phrase: 1.If there is a be form of the verb, omit the subject of the dependent clause and be verb (b) 2.If no be form of the verb, omit the subject and change the verb to its –ing form (d)  If the adverb clause required a comma, the modifying adverbial phrase also requires a comma (a-f)