3. The King and Finances King Louis XV -Inherits debt from Louis XIV - Expensive Habits King Louis XVI -Debts grow -Taxes 1 st /2 nd Estate -France nearly bankrupt -Needs approval of Estates General for new taxes Marie-Antoinette -Austrian nobility - Dislike by French - French people resent her involvement in French politics

4. The Old Regime 1 st Estate Clergy (less than 1%) owned 20% of the land paid no taxes (2% income gift) 2 nd Estate Nobility (2-4% of population) owned 25% of the land & paid no taxes 3 rd Estate Middle Class, Peasants, Merchants (about 95% of the population) paid all the taxes!!

5. Problems & Discontent Begin Cause: French population Rises Effect: Food Demand Rises & Prices Rise Cause: Bourgeoisie prosper in 1700’s Effect: Want Political Power Cause: 3 rd Estate Share Ideas of Reform Effect: Enlightenment ideas of liberty & equality) Result: panic & riots across the countryside (The Great Fear)

6. Meeting of the Estates General 1789 New Idea: Represent “the people” NOT the three social classes! Tennis Court Oath: goal for the adoption of a written constitution for France Outcome: 3 rd Estate declares itself the National Assembly Past Practice: Three estates meet separately & each cast one vote Outcome: 1 st & 2 nd Estate outvote 3 rd Estate

7. Notes: Chapter 12 Section 2 (1789-1799)

8. The French Revolution Starts A.Louis XVI allows Estates General to meet together 1. Moves troops to Paris and Versailles 2. Storming of the Bastille: July 14, 1789 angry mobs protesting soaring bread prices seize the Bastille Importance: symbolic act against royal tyranny Outcome: new government is formed called the National Assembly

9. B.New Government forms in Paris 1. General Lafayette- French hero; forms people’s army called the National Guard C. Emigres- French nobles who flee France and plot to overthrow the revolution

10. D. Declaration of Rights of Man- a document that proclaimed all men had natural rights (liberty, equality, and fraternity) - freedom of speech - freedom of press - freedom of religion - all people had right to hold public office - right to a fair trial

11. E. Reforms of the National Assembly 1. Election of all officials 2. Seized church land and ended church tax 3. Removed privileges of 1 st & 2 nd Estate F. French Constitution of 1791 1. Constitutional Monarchy est. 2. Govt. divided into 3 branches a. Legislative Assembly (has the real power)

12. G. King Louis XVI agrees to limited powers 1. tries to flee France and is arrested Turning point in Revolution: people no longer trust the king

13. (1791-1792) and (1792-1795)

14. I.) Conflicts Cause Divisions A.The Legislative Assembly:  Conservatives (Right)- supported the king  Radicals (Left)- distrusts the king; more change (Sans-culottes: demand a more radical revolution) (Jacobins: want to overthrow monarchy & create a Republic ( Girondins: involve France in war to spread revolutionary ideas across Europe)  Moderates (Center)- took on either side based on issue at hand B.April 1792: War! 1. Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria, then Prussia, then Britain! 2. War goes bad for France and lasts till 1815!!!

15. II.) The National Convention C. Summer 1792: Radicals take control of Paris Commune and seize control of the assembly 1. new governing body created (National Convention) 2. September Massacres: radicals execute thousands of royalists End of 1 st Revolution __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Start of 2 nd Revolution

16. C.National Convention: - drafts a new constitution - France becomes a “Republic” - brands the “Girondins as counterrevolutionaries” D.Leaders of National Convention: - Jean-Paul Marat- doctor, writer, and leader of the radical Jacobin Club - Georges Danton- Jacobin revolutionary leader; supported Paris’s poorest citizens

17. E.Execution of the King 1. Louis XVI charged with treason by National Convention 2. Found guilty & beheaded by “guillotine” F. Foreign Reaction: 1. England, Spain, Holland, & Sardinia join Prussia & Austria in alliance against France; converge on France

18. Maximillien Robespierre- a Jacobin; gains control of National Convention and becomes leader of “Committee of Public Safety” to defend France and the revolution! Outcome: Robespierre is virtually France’s dictator

19. ………….The Reign of Terror! G. Period in the Revolutionary Tribunal executed anyone considered an enemy of the Republic 1. Most Famous Executions: - Marie Antoinette (widow of Louis XVI) - Danton (Jacobin leader) - Charlotte Corday (assassinated Marat)

20. H.Outcomes: 1. 40,000 executed in France 2. 85% were peasants or members of the middle class!!! I. Thermidorian Reaction 1. National Convention reasserts authority 2. Robespierre is executed (Reign of Terror ends on July 28, 1794 ) Importance: Ends Radical Phase of the French Revolution http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYLnzAtQoTk