1. LESSON 7: ECONOMIC GROWTH AND REFORM US History

2. LESSON 7 STANDARDS  Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19 th century, and the different responses to it. 1. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets. 2. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny. 3. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school. 4. Explain women’s efforts to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Seneca Falls Conference. 5. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.

3. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  The era of the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18 th century  Hand-made and home-made goods were replaced by machine and factory made goods  semi-skilled and unskilled workers replaced skilled laborers  The Industrial Revolution came to America in 1793 with Samuel Slater’s water powered textile mill in Rhode Island  America’s desire to enter the Industrial Revolution really took off the first part of the 19 th century (Napoleonic Wars)  America’s didn’t want to depend on European goods

4. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  The Industrial Revolution was aided by 4 factors 1. Transportation was expanded (canals) 2. A power source was harnessed  water-power and steam power 3. Improvements in industry such as improving the refining process and accelerating production 4. The government helped protect fledging American manufacturers by passing protective tariffs

5. ELI WHITNEY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793  It was a machine that removes cotton seeds from the valuable cotton fiber used to make thread  By producing more cotton in a day than any person could do by hand, the gin reduced the cost of processing cotton and greatly raised the profit from growing it  To further cut costs and raise profits, unskilled slaves were often running the cotton gins in the southern states

6. ELI WHITNEY AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  Eli Whitney also introduced the idea of interchangeable parts  Prior to Eli Whitney, if a machine broke it was discarded and replaced because all of the parts were hand-made to just fit that machine  Whitney introduced the idea of making identical parts so only a part would need to be replaced, not the entire machine  Whitney demonstrated this practice with muskets  if 1 piece of a musket broke, the owner could continue to use the musket when the broken part was replaced  Interchangeable parts made it possible for semiskilled workers to mass-produce products

7. WESTWARD MOVEMENT  Americans have always looked to move westward  New colonists moved to the back country of each colony  After the French and Indian War, settlers crossed the Appalachian Mountains  After the American Revolution, settlers filled the Ohio Valley and Alabama  After the Louisiana Territory settlers moved in to the Mississippi River Valley  Florida was acquired from Spain in1819  By 1850, Americans settle in California, Oregon, and Washington

8. WESTWARD MOVEMENT  It took 150 for settlement to reach the Appalachians  …50 years to reach the Mississippi  …another 30 year to reach the Pacific states  In 230 years Americans had come to dominate North America  Americans believed that such rapid expansion was part a divine favor referred to as Manifest Destiny  a phrase coined to describe the belief that America was to settle all of North America  The phrase Manifest Destiny was first written by a newspaper writer named John L. Sullivan

9. WESTWARD MOVEMENT  The center of population growth in the years after the War of 1812 was in the Northwest Territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois)  3 factors caused people to move to this region  1. native Americans were removed  2. land speculators had acquired large areas of land and wanted to sell  3. as the national infrastructure moved west, it was easier to migrate west  Fertile soil and the development of better plows and harvesters allowed farmers large crop yields and increased the allure of westward expansion

10. SECOND GREAT AWAKENING  In the 1820’s a Second great Awakening hit the United States  One of the effects of this movement was a desire by Christians to attack the perceived ills of the 19 th century  alcohol, slavery, and education

11. TEMPERANCE  The stress of the industrial environment, poor quality of water, and cheapness of liquor led to an increase of alcohol abuse during this era  The temperance movement rose to protect and women and children from abusive drunk husbands and general poverty (men spent all their money on booze)  The movement started by asking people to limit alcohol (temper their drinking) but escalated to complete abstain of drinking  By 1835 the American Temperance Society was the largest organization of its kind  The temperance movement succeeded in having people drink less but failed in completely banning alcohol

12. ABOLITIONISM  The most heated reform issue centered on the abolition of slavery  Abolitionism gained momentum in the 1830’s  There were 3 main groups at this time  1. American Colonization Society (1818) – called for the emancipation and transportation of freed slaves back to Africa  2. The American Antislavery Society (1833) – led by William Lloyd Garrison, called for the immediate emancipation by any means necessary  3. the Liberty Party – pledged to end slavery through legal and political means

13. PUBLIC SCHOOL  Until the 1840’s there was little public education  only the wealthy educated their children  Reformers believed that democracy only worked if the people were educated  Horace Mann and Henry Barnard began the Common School Movement  It hoped to create good citizens, unite society, and prevent crime and poverty  Mann advocated a free public education paid through local funds and administered through a local school board  Mann’s model still stands as the model used for today’s schools

14. WOMEN’S RIGHTS  In the early 1800’s women were legally and socially inferior to men  Women couldn’t vote and if married couldn’t own land or keep their earnings  However women were the leaders in reform movements such as temperance and abolitionism  In 1840, several women including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and the Grimke sisters (Angelina & Sarah) were denied entrance to the London Anti- Slavery Convention because they were women  With the advent of universal male suffrage, women began to hope for women’s suffrage

15. WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE  Stanton and Mott organized the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848 “to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and women’s rights”  The conference was attended by 300 people including 40 men  At the conference, Elizabeth Cady Stanton drew up the Declaration of Sentiment  called for an end to the unequal treatment of women  The Seneca Falls Conference marked the beginning of the Women’s Rights Movement

16. DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM  After the War of 1812, America entered the “Era of Good Feelings”  The government was dominated by 1 political party  Democratic Republicans  The critical feeling of the period was to promote and strengthen the US by focusing on internal improvements  1. national finances were strengthened by the creation of a new national bank that served as a depository for federal funds and a stable source of currency  2. a new tariff was passed in order to keep Britain from dumping cheap goods in the US  helped American manufacturers  3. the Supreme Court strengthened the federal government by supporting the new national bank  4. expansion westward was made easier through new federal land purchasing programs (Homesteaders) and by the creation of new roads and canals that made transportation quicker

17. RISE OF POPULAR POLITICAL CULTURE  The election of 1824 saw the end of the “Era of Good Feelings” and the reintroduction of the 2 party system 1. Jacksonian Democrats – led by Andrew Jackson 2. National Republicans – led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay  The 1824 election was dirty and captured the public’s interest  Jackson accused the Republicans of flattering European royalty and of misusing public funds  Adams accused Jackson of being unfaithful in his marriage, massacring Native Americans, illegally executing convicted soldiers and of dueling  Since neither candidate won the majority of the electoral college votes, the decision came to the House of Representatives  Adams won the election of 1824

18. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY  Andrew Jackson and his followers shared a political philosophy called “Jacksonian Democracy”  They sought a stronger executive branch and weaker Congress  It also sought to broaden public participation by allowing all adult white males to vote (not just landowners)  Jacksonians also wanted politicians to be allowed to appoint their followers to government jobs to limit the power of elite groups  They also favored Manifest Destiny and greater western expansion