1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Emotion

2. What Is Emotion? Emotion – A four-part process consisting of physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation subjective feelings, and behavioral expression

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Do Our Emotions Do For Us? Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Evolution of Emotions Emotions have survival value and have been shaped by natural selection Individuals vary tremendously in emotional responsiveness Emotions are not entirely programmed by genetics

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cultural Universals in Emotional Expression People everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness and surprise There are, however, huge cultural differences in the context and intensity of emotional displays

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cultural Universals in Emotional Expression Display rules – Permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Emotion Wheel

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The discovery of two distinct brain pathways for emotional arousal has clarified the connections among the many biological structures involved in emotion and has offered solutions to many of the long- standing issues in the psychology of emotion Where Do Our Emotions Come From?

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Neuroscience of Emotion The biological mechanisms at work behind our emotions include: The limbic system The reticular formation The cerebral cortex The autonomic nervous system Hormones

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Psychological Theories of Emotion James-Lange theory– An emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion Cannon-Bard theory – An emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time One is not the cause of the other Both the result of a cognitive appraisal of the situation

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Psychological Theories of Emotion Two-factor theory of emotion – Emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both (1) physical arousal and (2) emotion provoking stimulus

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Emotion fear Cognitive interpretation “I feel afraid!” Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate James- Lange theory Cannon- bard theory Two- factor theory Stimulus snake Stimulus Emotion fear Physiological arousal trembling increased heart rate Emotion fear

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Psychological Theories of Emotion Cognitive appraisal theory – Theory that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following the event Opponent-process theory – Theory that emotions have pairs; when one is triggered the other is suppressed

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Performance LowHigh Low High Arousal Level Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted “U” Inverted “U” function – Describes the relationship between arousal and performance; both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Arousal, Performance, and the Inverted “U” Sensation seekers – Individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people