1. ITALIAN BAROQUE Patrons and their influence on art How did royal patrons of the arts choose to have themselves portrayed in the art of the seventeenth century? Comparing the art of painters such as Riguard, Van Dyck, Rubens, and Velazquez will help students to visualize the changes that had occurred since the Renaissance. Regional differences should also be noted. Naturalism/verisimilitude The desire of seventeenth-century painters to achieve naturalism in their works marks a shift away from Classical ideals. The willingness of patrons to be portrayed, "warts and all" (p. 752), is a startling shift from the trends first seen in the art of the ancient Near East. Caravaggio takes this notion to an extreme, and was famously persecuted because of it. New patrons The emergence of a middle-class art-buying public in Holland during this period is an extraordinary development. The Calvinistic mores of that culture need to be closely scrutinized to understand the laces in their portraits and the oysters in the still lifes of the period (p. 799). Shifting styles This chapter includes the Baroque and the Rococo art styles. The reasons, not fully understood, for this shift in taste and what it means visually, are of major importance. Unlike Mannerism, the Rococo style is mostly uniform, and quickly identified. Nonetheless, the chapter provides opportunities for students to practice connoisseurship—for example, in a comparison of Watteau and Boucher.

2. ITALIAN BAROQUE ITALIAN FRENCH SPANISH FLEMISH DUTCH Bernini, Borromini, Caravaggio, Gentileschi Louis XIV, Poussin, Lorrain Philip IV, Velazquez Rubens, Van Dyck, Charles I Hals, Ruisdael, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Claesz People to know…

3. ITALIAN BAROQUE Goals of Art during the COUNTER-REFORMATION To deliberately evoke intense emotional response from the viewer To create dramatically lit, often theatrical compositions To use diverse media such as bronze and marble within a single artwork To create work with spectacular technical virtuosity

4. ITALIAN BAROQUE Gianlorenzo BERNINI His works include:  The colonnade of St. Peter’s Piazza  The baldacchino on the St. Peter’s altar  Vibrant marble sculpture of David  Ecstasy of St. Theresa sculpture Bernini

5. ITALIAN BAROQUE Gianlorenzo Bernini, Baldacchino, St. Peter’s, Rome. 1623-1634. Long before the planning of the Piazza, Bernini had been at work decorating the interior of Saint Peter’s. His first commission, completed in 1624 and 1633, called for the design and erection of the gigantic bronze baldacchino ( a canopy made of cloth or stone erected over an altar, shrine, or throne in a Christian church) above the main altar under the great dome. The canopy- like structure marks the tomb of Saint Peter. At almost one hundred feet high it serves as a focus of the church’s splendor. At the top of the columns four colossal angels stand guard at the upper corners of the canopy. Forming the canopy’s apex are four serpentine brackets that elevate the orb and the cross, symbols of the Church’s triumph since the time of Constantine. All over the baldacchino are letter B’s representing the Barberini family (Pope that commissioned the work).

6. ITALIAN BAROQUE Gianlorenzo Bernini, Baldacchino, St. Peter’s, Rome. 1623-1634.

7. ITALIAN BAROQUE Gianlorenzo Bernini, Baldacchino, St. Peter’s, Rome. 1623-1634.

8. ITALIAN BAROQUE Giovanni Panini, Interior of St. Peter’s, Rome, 1731.

9. ITALIAN BAROQUE Gianlorenzo Bernini, “David”, Galleria Borghese, Rome, 1623. Bernini’s sculpture is expansive and dramatic, and the element of time usually plays an important role in it. This marble statue aims at catching the figure’s split-second action and differs markedly from the restful figures of David portrayed by Donatello and Michelangelo. The figures legs are widely and firmly planted, beginning the violent, pivoting motion that will launch the stone from his sling. If the action had been a moment before, his body would have been in a completely different position. Bernini selected the most dramatic of an implied sequence of poses, so observers have to think simultaneously of the continuum and of this tiny fraction of it. This is not the kind of sculpture that can be inscribed in a cylinder or confined in a niche; its indicated action demands space around it. Gianlorenzo Bernini, “David”, Rome, 1623.

10. ITALIAN BAROQUE Donatello (Early Italian Renaissance) Michelangelo (High Italian Renaissance) Bernini (Italian Baroque) Comparing Davids….

11. ITALIAN BAROQUE Gianlorenzo Bernini “Ecstasy of Saint Theresa”, Bernini Cornaro Chapel, Rome Italy, 1645-1652 Saint Theresa was a nun of the Spanish Counter-Reformation. Her conversion occurred after the death of her father, when she fell into a series of trances, saw visions, and heard voices. Feeling a persistent pain, she attributed to “the fire tipped arrow of Divine love” that an angel had thrust repeatedly into her heart. In her writings, Saint Theresa described this experience as making her swoon in delightful anguish. The whole chapel became a theater for the production of this mystical drama. Bernini depicted the saint in ecstasy, unmistakably a mingling of spiritual and physical passion, swooning back on a cloud while the smiling angel aims his arrow.

12. ITALIAN BAROQUE Aerial view of St. Peter’s in Rome

13. ITALIAN BAROQUE View of the Square from St. Peter’s Dome

14. ITALIAN BAROQUE

15. Carlo Maderno, “Santa Susanna” Rome, Italy 1597-1603.

16. ITALIAN BAROQUE BAROQUE Santa SusannaMANNERISM il Gesu Comparing buildings…

17. ITALIAN BAROQUE Restoring Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy

18. ITALIAN BAROQUE Francesco Borromini, facade of “San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane”, Rome, Italy, 1665-1676

19. ITALIAN BAROQUE Francesco Borromini, plan of “San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane”, Rome, Italy, 1665-1676 The interior of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane is not only an ingenious response to an awkward site but also a provocative variation on the theme of the centrally planned church. In the plan, San Carlo looks like a hybrid of a greek cross and an oval, with a long axis between entrance and apse. The side walls move in an undulating flow that reverses the façade’s motion. Vigorously projecting columns define space into which they protrude just as much as they do the walls attached to them. This molded interior space is capped by a deeply coffered oval dome that seems to float on the light entering through windows hidden in its base.

20. ITALIAN BAROQUE Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio), Conversion of Saint Paul, 1601. Caravaggio painted Conversion of Saint Paul for the Cerasi Chapel in the Roman church of Santa Maria del Popolo. It illustrates the conversion of the Pharisee Saul to Christianity, when he became the disciple Paul. The saint-to-be appears amid his conversion, flat on his back with his arms thrown up. In the background, an old hostler seems preoccupied with caring for the horse. At first inspection, little here suggests the momentous significance of the spiritual event taking place.

21. ITALIAN BAROQUE Caravaggio Conversion of Saint Paul, 1601 On display at the Santa Maria del Popolo (Rome, Italy)

22. ITALIAN BAROQUE Caravaggio, “Calling of Saint Matthew” c1597-1601

23. ITALIAN BAROQUE

24. Michelangelo, Crucifixion of St. PeterCaravaggio, Crucifixion of St. Peter, c1600. Contrast the two Crucifixions

25. ITALIAN BAROQUE Caravaggio, Flagellation of Christ. c.1606-1607. Oil on canvas.

26. ITALIAN BAROQUE Caravaggio, The Taking of Christ, 1602. "The one I shall kiss is the man; seize him and lead him away safely" (Mark 14:44).

27. ITALIAN BAROQUE Caravaggio, “Supper at Emmaus” National Gallery, London 1601.

28. ITALIAN BAROQUE Caravaggio, “The Incredulity of St. Thomas”, 1602.

29. ITALIAN BAROQUE Caravaggio, “Entombment” 1602-1603. Beyond its ability to move its audience, this composition also had theological implications. To viewers in the chapel, it appeared as though the men were laying Christ’s body onto the altar, which was in front of the painting This served to visualize the doctrine of transubstantiation (the transformation of the Eucharist and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ) -- a doctrine central to Catholicism but rejected by Protestants. By depicting Christ’s body as though it were physically present during the Mass, Caravaggio visually articulated an abstract theological precept. Unfortunately, viewers no longer can experience this effect.

30. ITALIAN BAROQUE Artemisia Gentileschi “Judith Slaying Holofernes” ca. 1614-1620 Gentileschi used what might be called the “dark” subject matter Caravaggio that favored. Significantly, Gentileschi chose a narrative involving a heroic female, and favorite theme of hers. The story, from the work of the Old Testament, the Book of Judith, relates the delivery of Israel from its enemy, Holofernes. Having succumbed to Judith’s charms, the Assyrian general Holofernes invited her to his tent for the night. When he fell asleep, Judith cut off his head. In this version of the scene, Judith and her maidservant are beheading Holofernes. You go, girl!

31. ITALIAN BAROQUE Artemisia Gentileschi “Judith and Maidservant With Head of Holofernes” ca. 1612-1613 Judith Beheads Holofernes In Other Works, Too!

32. ITALIAN BAROQUE Artemisia Gentileschi “Judith and Maidservant Beheading Holofernes” ca. 1625. Judith Beheads Holofernes In Other Works, Too!

33. ITALIAN BAROQUE Caravaggio, “Judith Slaying Holofernes”, ca. 1599. Judith Beheads Holofernes In Other Works, Too!

34. ITALIAN BAROQUE Lucas Cranach “Judith With Head of Holofernes” 1530. Judith Beheads Holofernes In Other Works, Too!

35. ITALIAN BAROQUE Michelangelo. Judith and Holofernes. 1508-1512. Fresco. Sistine Chapel. Judith Beheads Holofernes In Other Works, Too!

36. ITALIAN BAROQUE Andrea Mantegna, Judith and Holofernes. c. 1495 EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Judith Beheads Holofernes In Other Works, Too!

37. ITALIAN BAROQUE Botticelli Discovery of the Body of Holofernes. c.1469-1470. Tempera on panel. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Judith Beheads Holofernes In Other Works, Too!

38. ITALIAN BAROQUE Judith Beheads Holofernes In Other Works, Too! Donatello, Judith and Holofernes, 1455-60. EARLY ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

39. ITALIAN BAROQUE Annibale Carracci Loves of the Gods, 1597-1601. Cardinal Odoardo Farnese, a wealthy descendant of Pope Paul III, commissioned this ceiling fresco to celebrate the wedding of the cardinal’s brother. The title interprets the variety of earthly and divine love in classical mythology. Carracci arranged the scenes in a format resembling framed easel paintings on a wall, but here he painted them on the surfaces of a shallow curved vault. The Sistine Chapel ceiling, of course, comes in mind, although it is not an exact source. This type of simulation of easel painting for ceiling designed is called quadro riportato (transferred framed painting).

40. ITALIAN BAROQUE Giovanni Battista Gaulli, “Triumph in the Name of Jesus”, Church of Il Gesu, Rome, Italy, 1676-1679 ITALIAN BAROQUE

41. ITALIAN BAROQUE Giovanni Battista Gaulli “Triumph in the Name of Jesus”, Church of Il Gesu, Rome, Italy 1676-1679 ITALIAN BAROQUE As the mother church of the Jesuit order, Il Gesu played a particularly prominent role in the Counter-Reformation. Gaulli’s compostion focuses on the joyful rise of spirits to Christ’s aura. In contrast, figures of the damned seem to plummet through the ceiling to the nave floor. Gaulli successfully combined architecture, painting and sculpture to create a dramatic work that celebrates the glory of Christ and His Church.

42. ITALIAN BAROQUE Fra Andrea Pozzo, “Glorification of Saint Ignatius”, Rome, Italy, 1691-1694