1. The Rise of Totalitarianism p. 434 Fascism Begins in Italy

2. A Winner is a Loser? EC: During World War I, Italy made a dishonorable choice…… (2) –It changed sides, becoming a traitor to its old allies, Germany and Austria-Hungary –It accepted a bribe of lands made by its new allies, France and Britain EC: When the War ended, Italy was mistreated by its new allies, not respected….. –Britain and France did not give Italy ALL the land it had been promised. Some lands went to the new Serbian-led nation of Yugoslavia. Italians were outraged and spiteful toward France and Britain.

3. EC: Other Italian problems in the early 1920s included: (6) Soviet Union sent Comintern agents to help Italian Communists –Led strikes and street demonstrations –Peasants seized lands –Workers seized factories Labor unions demanded better conditions Trade declined Returning veterans came home to unemployment Taxes rose The coalition government was full of arguing factions and parties.

4. Benito Mussolini: A lower class man. –Veteran. He formed a new political party, combining….. –Socialism: using the government to make life better for the people. Still allowing capitalism. –Nationalism: using the government to protect the people from internal and external dangers.

5. EC: 1919 Mussolini began the ______movement, Fascist –Supported by (2) fellow unhappy veterans other discontented Italians. They began the National Fascist Party. (Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF) They promoted: (2) –An end to government corruption –Social law and order

6. Fascism: a centralized, authoritarian government that is –Anti-Communist, –work for national glory –Demands individual obedience to the state. –Human rights are removed so the state can watch its citizens closely. Anti-democracy

7. Extreme nationalism Action –Violence –Discipline –War Emotional National expansion Struggle for survival, “survival of the fittest” Anti-democracy Anti-equality Anti-freedom Unthinking loyalty to the state Supremacy of the state EC: Fascism as a practice: (13)

8. Black Shirts: Fascists had teams of “combat squads”, wearing black. They were copying earlier Italian nationalists. They: –Were against democracy –Favored violent action against people they believed dangerous to Italy Socialists Leftist press Farmer cooperatives –Intimidated and terrorized elected officials until they quit the government –Were supported by most Italians who no longer trusted the old society.

9. March on Rome: In 1922, Mussolini and Black Shirts demanded control of the national government. King _________ asked Mussolini to be prime minister and form a new government. Vittorio Emmanuel III He became the legal leader of Italy.

10. EC: Mussolini’s government: (5) Suppressed rival parties Controlled the press Rigged elections –Put Fascist supporters into the legislature Won support from Pope Pius XI –(Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent nation state) Used a secret police to control opposition –Critics imprisoned, exiled, or murdered

11. Use of various multimedia propaganda techniques to make the leader or ruling party “larger than life” Win popular support Look like are just people, “political theater” “Cult of Personality”:

12. EC: Economic reforms: (10) Mussolini sought to end problems between business and labor and win support from both: Government took control of the economy –Capitalism allowed –Committees of business, labor, government, and Fascist representatives called “syndicates” controlled: Industry Agriculture Trade –Prices were controlled –Wages frozen –Workers forbidden to strike

13. Living for “the State”: Loyalty to state more important than individual rights EC: Propaganda told all citizens to “____! ____! ____!” (3) Believe! Obey! Fight! Men encouraged to be violent, ruthless warriors ready to fight for Italian glory Women lost jobs as government expected them to return home and raise many Italian babies. –Mothers of 14 or more got a medal from Mussolini, in person! Children put into strict, militaristic youth groupsyouth groups –Ancient Roman glory –Patriotic songs, chants, and hymns “Mussolini is always Right!”

14. Totalitarian State: One party rules the entire government controls much or most of every citizen’s life. –Stalin’s USSR –Hitler, Nazi Germany –Mussolini, Italy –North Korea –Mao Zedong, China

15. Connection with Past Glory EC: Italian Fascists used it to connect their 20th century nation with the greatness of the ____ Empire. Roman

16. EC: What made Fascism appealing to Italians? (6) Strong, stable government No political parties arguing as in a democracy Quick decisions Feeling of power and confidence from the leader Promise to end dangers inside and outside of Italy National pride.

17. Standards Check, p. 435 How did postwar disillusionment contribute to Mussolini’s rise? It united Italians in their desire for a new, more effective government, no matter how aggressive.

18. Mussolini’s Italy By 1925, Fascists ruled most of the government. Mussolini took the title, “Il Duce (The Leader)”

19. Used propaganda to make him popular across Italy. (11) –Statues, –art –Posters, –banners –Newspapers –magazines –Radio –Rallies (electronic PA systems), –parades –film. –Music Mussolini’s government:

20. Standards Check, p. 436 How did the Fascist party transform Italy’s government and economy? Fascist Italy: –Government a dictatorship –Terror tactics –State controlled economy –Altered domestic life

21. Thinking Critically, 436-7 1 Why did totalitarian governments try to win the loyalty of their nation’ young people? To create a constant flow of people willing to serve the government 2 Why did leaders honor women for having many children? to reinforce traditional roles To create as many soldiers and loyal citizens as possible.

22. World Opinion EC: Many nations, even democracies, initially applauded Mussolini… (2) –bringing social order Eliminating communists and other radicals –economic strength EC: This feeling would change when (2) –he began attacking north and east Africa, –threatened neighbors in Europe.

23. EC: Mussolini’s totalitarian state and “cult of personality” will be a model for ___ Adolf Hitler, Germany, 1930s Meanwhile, ___, was his own totalitarian model in the Soviet Union, 1920s and 30s Josef Stalin –will reign similarly, but develop his own, similar methods, –though adapted for his form of Communism.

24. Standards Check, p. 438 Describe the similarities between fascism and communism. Intense loyalty to the government and the leader Use of terror, promotion of social change

25. Dictatorship, p. 439 1 Why is it difficult for political opponents to succeed against a dictator? Dictators suppress opponents with violence, imprisonment, and death

26. Quick Write Why were so many Italians willing to blindly follow Mussolini and his followers?