1. Chapter 27 Empire & Expansion 1890-1909

2. America Turns Outward 1890s - due to rising exports, manufacturing capability, power, and wealth, U.S. began to expand onto the world stage – –“yellow press” or “yellow journalism” (Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst) – –Reverend Josiah Strong’s Our Country: It’s Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. Strong spoke for civilizing and Christianizing savages. – –Social Darwinism – –Naval build-up led America to look to oversea expansion U.S. begins to move out of its isolationist stance – –US and Germany almost went to war over the Samoan Islands – –Italy and America almost fought due to the lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans – –1892 - U.S. and Chile almost went to war after the deaths of two American sailors at Valparaiso in. British involvement in Venezuela wound up strengthening the Monroe Doctrine and eventual strengthening of relations w/ Britain

3. Cubans Rise in Revolt 1895 - Cubans revolted against Spain, torching sugar cane fields – –America supported the revolution in Cuba The American public called for action, but Cleveland would do nothing. – –The yellow presses competed against each other to come up with more sensational stories (many fictionalized) 2/15/1898 - U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor – –killing 260 officers and men. – –Pres. McKinley privately didn’t like war & Wall Street didn’t want war because it would upset business. – –Hearst to Cuban contact, “You supply the pictures, I’ll supply the story.” 4/11/1898 - the president sent his war message to Congress – –(1) war with Spain seemed inevitable, (2) America had to defend democracy, and (3) opposing a war could split the Republican party and America. – –Congress adopted the Teller Amendment (proclaimed that when the U.S. overthrew Spanish rule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.)

4. The Confused Invasion of Cuba The Spanish sent a fleet commanded by Admiral Cervera to Cuba. – –promptly blockaded by a better American force. – –7/1/1898 - The “Rough Riders,” a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled at El Caney stormed up San Juan Hill. – –7/3/1898 - Admiral Cervera was finally ordered to fight the American fleet, and his fleet was destroyed. On land, the American army, commanded by General Nelson A. Miles, met little resistance as they took over Puerto Rico. – –Aug. 12, 1898 - Spain signed an armistice. The American army was plagued with dysentery, typhoid, and yellow fever. – –400 Americans died in battle, over 5,000 succumbed to bacteria – –TR wrote a “round-robin” letter demanding the U.S. govt take the troops out before they all died.

5. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba The Foraker Act (1900) gave Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government – –1917 - Congress granted Puerto Ricans full American citizenship. – –U.S. help also transformed Puerto Rico and worked wonders in sanitation, transportation, beauty, and education. In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court barely ruled that the Constitution did not have full authority on how to deal with the islands (Cuba and Puerto Rico) America could not improve Cuba much, other than getting rid of yellow fever with the help of General Leonard Wood and Dr. Walter Reed. 1902 - the U.S. pulled out of Cuba, but it also “encouraged” Cuba to write and pass the Platt Amendment, which became part of their constitution. – –said that (1) the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of anarchy, (2) that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba, and (3) that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases, notably Guantanamo Bay.

6. “Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines Filipinos had assumed that they would receive freedom after the Spanish-American War Feb 4, 1899 - insurrection led by Emilio Aguinaldo Americans tried to assimilate the Filipinos, but the islanders resisted; they finally got their independence on July 4, 1946 John Hay Defends China (and U.S. Interests) Following its defeat by Japan in 1894-94, China had been carved into spheres of influence by the European powers American businesses feared that they would not be able to export their products to China Secretary of State John Hay dispatched his famous Open Door note –urged the European nations to keep fair competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate –China was not carved up, but foreigners were there

7. Open Door in China 1900 - a super-patriotic group known as the “Boxers” revolted and took over the capital of China, Beijing –Foreigners were taken hostage –Multi-national force was sent in & put down the rebellion –Foreign countries assessed damages to China ($333 million) –US eventually received $18 million TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick McKinley won re-election easily & Teddy Roosevelt had been moved to VP where they (Republicans) thought he’d stay 1901 - 6 months into the 2 nd term, McKinley was shot & Roosevelt took over—at age of 42 (youngest ever to be president) –his motto was “Speak softly and carry a big stick,”.

8. one foreign affair that he knew needed to be dealt with was the creation of a canal through the Central American isthmus –Such a waterway would also make defense of the recent island acquisitions easier (i.e. Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii) –1850 - Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain forbade the construction by either country of a canal in the Americas without the other’s consent and help –statement was nullified in 1901 by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty Nicaraguan route was a possibility (opposed by the French) next choice was Panama –Problem: Columbia had control & did not want us there U.S. negotiated a deal that would buy a 6-mile-wide strip of land in Panama for $10 million and a $250,000 annual payment (rejected) –TR wanted construction to begin before the 1904 campaign US helped the Panamanians stage a revolt and the Columbian govt. was out –signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that gave a widened (6x10 mi.) Panamanian zone to the U.S. for $15 mil

9. 1904 - construction began on the Panama Canal –problems with land slides and sanitation occurred (yellow fever was also a problem) 1906 - TR visited Panama, 1 st U.S. president to leave America for foreign soil 1914 – Panama canal was finally finished and opened –cost of $400 million TR’s Perversion of the Monroe Doctrine Britain & Germany decided to send a bit of force to South America to make the Latin countries pay back their debts TR feared that if European powers interfered in the Americas to collect debts, they might then stay in Latin America –That would violated the Monroe Doctrine he issued his Roosevelt Corollary –in future cases of debt problems, the U.S. would take over and pay off the debts, thus keeping the Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic –In effect, no one could bully Latin America except the U.S.

10. Roosevelt on the World Stage Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 TR met with Japanese & Russians to mediate the Russo-Japanese War –TR negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses For this and his mediation of North African disputes in 1906 through an international conference at Algeciras, Spain; TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 –America lost two allies in Russia and Japan, neither of which felt that it had received its fair share of winnings –After the war many Japanese immigrants poured into California, and fears of a “yellow flood” arose again San Francisco (after an earthquake); it was said that Japanese children should attend a different school S.F. would not displace students while Japan would keep its laborers in Japan (restricting immigration) –To impress the Japanese, Roosevelt sent his entire battleship fleet around the world for a tour—Great White Fleet