1. 1 6: Inter-Act, 13 th Edition 6: Inter-Act, 13 th Edition RelationshipsRelationships

2. 2 Relationship Relationship – a set of expectations two people have for their behavior based on the pattern of interaction between them

3. 3 Abusive relationship Abusive relationship – interactions are physically, mentally, or emotionally harmful Good relationship Good relationship – interactions are satisfying to and healthy for those involved

4. 4 Abusive relationship Abusive relationship – interactions are physically, mentally, or emotionally harmful Good relationship Good relationship – interactions are satisfying to and healthy for those involved ?

5. 5 Functions of Relationships 1.Constitutive function 1.Constitutive function – Relationships come about through interactions 2.Instrumental function 2.Instrumental function – Communication is a way to “get things done” in the relationship 3.Indexical function 3.Indexical function – The “thermometer” of a relationship; measures who is in control, how much partners trust each other, and the level of intimacy in the relationship

6. 6 Describing Relationships Relationships vary in intensity Impersonal relationship – based on filling a role or satisfying an immediate need Personal relationship – people care about each other, share large amounts of information with each other, and meet each other’s interpersonal needs Voluntary, involuntary Platonic vs. romantic

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8. 8 Types of Relationships 1.Acquaintances 1.Acquaintances – people we know by name and talk with when the opportunity arises, but with whom our interactions are limited 2.Friends 2.Friends – people with whom we have voluntarily negotiated more personal relationships 3.Close friends or intimates 3.Close friends or intimates – those with whom we share a deep commitment, trust, interdependence, disclosure, and affection

9. 9 Gender Differences Talking Disclosing personal history Sharing personal feelings Joint activities Doing favors for each other Successive tests of dependability Women develop close friendships through: Men develop close friendships through:

10. 10 Dimensions of Relationships 1.Interdependence 2.Depth 3.Breadth 4.Commitment 5.Understanding and Predictability 6.Communication Coding 7.Sharing Social Networks As dimensions increase, relationships develop; as they decrease, relationships deteriorate.

11. 11 Johari Window OpenBlind SecretUnknown Known to self Not known to self Known to others Not known to others V / V, ch.3

12. Social Penetration Theory Self-disclosure is integral to all stages of relationships, but changes over time. The nature and type of self-disclosure change as people become more intimate. When disclosure is reciprocated, the relationship becomes intimate. 12

13. 13 Self-Disclosure Guidelines Disclose information that you want others to disclose to you. Disclose information appropriate for the type of relationship. Disclose intimate information only when it represents an acceptable risk. Be sensitive to your partner’s ability to absorb your disclosure. Reserve intimate or very personal disclosures for ongoing relationships. Continue intimate self-disclosure only when it is reciprocated.

14. Self-Disclosure Online 14 Lack of social cues produces ineffective self- disclosure and miscommunication. Media Richness Theory: Richer media provide more social cues to reproduce the intended meaning of the message. Posters Letters Email Texting Facebook Telephone Skype Face-to-Face

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16. Changing Relationships Relationships move through identifiable stages. Turning points:  Events that mark a transition from one stage to another  Lead to greater intimacy or to deterioration of relationship  Happen at all stages in a relationship 16

17. 17 Relationship Stages Beginning Developing Sustaining Declining

18. 18 Beginning Relationships During the first stage of a relationship, communication focuses on: Increasing knowledge of the other Reducing uncertainty Increasing interaction

19. Predicted Outcome Value Theory Early in the relationship, we gather information to predict whether the benefits of future interactions will outweigh the costs. 3 stages of beginning relationships:  Entry  Personal  Exit 19

20. 20 Developing Relationships Increasing disclosure Keeping a relationship at a particular level of closeness or intimacy Frequent communication Emerging interdependence

21. 21 Interpersonal Needs Theory Relationship depends on how well each person meets the interpersonal needs of the other. Three basic interpersonal needs: Affection Inclusion Control (Could also be a desire to influence, help, or even “rescue.”)

22. 22 Social Exchange Theory Relationships understood in terms of exchange of rewards and costs during interactions Cost/Reward ratio  Rewards – needs met  Costs – time and energy spent developing relationship Relationships develop and are sustained when partners choose to meet each other’s needs.

23. 23 Sustaining Relationships Use pro-social behaviors. Observe ceremonial occasions. Spend time together as a couple and with mutual friends. Communicate frequently. Words and actions reassure continuing affection, discretion, trustworthiness. Share tasks.

24. 24 Relational Dialectics Dialectics: The tension or opposition between two interacting forces or elements.

25. 25 Relational Dialectics Autonomy/Connection I need my own space. I want to be close. Novelty/Predictability We need to do I like the familiar something new. rhythms we have. Openness/Closedness I like sharing so There are some much with you. things I don’t want to talk about.

26. Taking Other for Granted 26

27. 27 Declining Relationships The communication in declining relationships is marked by three stages: Recognition of dissatisfaction Process of repairing or disengaging from relationship Ending

28. 28 Relationship Termination Strategies Manipulation/Withdrawal/Avoidance –Manipulation/Withdrawal/Avoidance – blaming others, or indirectly failing to take responsibility for ending the relationship (-) Direct/Open/Honest –Direct/Open/Honest – clearly, respectfully communicating desire to end relationship, sensitive to resulting emotions (+) Relationship Transformation –Relationship Transformation – continuing the relationship on different terms (+)