1. Lecture 25 Relative clause
Objectives:
1. Restrictive and non-restrictive clause
2. Choice of relative words
3. Usage of relative that
4. Usage of relative which
5. The choice of which or as in non-restrictive clause
6.Clauses introduced by “ preposition + relative pronoun”

2. Lecture 25 Relative clause
1. Restrictive and non-restrictive clause
A restrictive relative clause gives essential
information about the meaning of the antecedent.
It forms an integral part of the noun phrase,
without which the meaning of the antecedent is
not complete.
A restrictive relative clause is closely attached to the antecedent. It is not separated from the antecedent by a break in intonation,
or by a comma in writing.

3. 1. Restrictive and non-restrictive clause
A non-restrictive clause does not restrict the
referential meaning of the antecedent. If it is taken
away, the antecedent still refers to the same person
or thing.
Compare:
--The letter is from my sister who is working abroad.
--The letter is from my sister, who is working abroad.
--There were very few passengers
who/ that escaped without serious injury.
--There were very few passengers ，

4. non-personal reference; subject\object\complement in a clause;
2. Choice of relative words
Relative
pronoun
who
Personal reference; subject in a clause; restrict and non-restrict clause
whom
Personal reference; object in a clause; restrict and non-restrict clause
whose
Personal or non-personal reference; modifier in a clause; restrict and non-restrict clause
which
non-personal reference;
subject\object\complement in a clause;
restrict and non-restrict clause

5. negative meaning ; Personal or non-personal reference
2. Choice of relative words
Relative
pronoun
that
Personal or non-personal reference; subject, object and complement in a clause; restrict clause as
Personal or non-personal reference; the same / such…as; non-restrict clause
but
negative meaning ; Personal or non-personal reference
than
comparative meaning, more…than

6. Relative
adverb
when
antecedent :time, day moment, occasion
where
antecedent ：place, country...; case, point, condition, situation
why
Reason why…

7. 1) Choice of relative words in relative clause
(1) Choice of who, whom, which, that, as, whose
---The man who did the robbery has been caught.
(subject, person)
---There lived a king ____ was cruel to his people.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
Answer: C ( there be …construction, who is used)
--- Miss Smith (whom) you met at our house is going abroad. (object, person)

8. 1) Choice of relative words in relative clause
---I bought some books that/ which were needed.
( as subject, non-personal reference)
---The house whose / (of which) windows are broken
is unoccupied. ( as modifier, non-personal reference)
--He is no longer the man that he was five years before.
--- My home town is no longer the same as it was
Choice of who, whom, which, that, as, Whose

9. 1) Choice of relative words in relative clause
(2) such…as
---Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
--- There are many such persons as say much but do little.
--Such as have knowledge and skill will not want for work.

10. 1) Choice of relative words in relative clause
(3) the same … as
---A friend ______ you in time of need is a
real friend.
A. which help B. who help
C. which helps D. who helps
---This is the same book as I read last week.
---This is the same book that I read last week.

11. 1) Choice of relative words in relative clause
---That is the place where (in which) he stayed when he was in London.
---The reason why (for which) he didn’t catch a cold was that he ran every morning last winter.
---October 1, 1949 was the day when (on which)
the People’s Republic of China was founded.
(4) Choice of relative adverbs: when,
where, why

12. 1) Choice of relative words in relative clause
(4) Choice of relative adverbs: when,
where, why
--I will never forget the day when I joined the army. (as adverbial in a clause)
---I will never forget the day that we spent together. (as object in a clause)

13. (4) Choice of relative adverbs: when, where, why
---You may recall one occasion when life
was particularly good.
---There are moments when I forget all about it.
---
Note” “When” is a relative adverb used as adverbial in a clause, the antecedents it modifies are time, day, year… moment, occasion.

14. 1) Choice of relative words in relative clause
Note: “where” is a relative adverb used as
adverbial in a clause, its antecedents are
place, country, school; case, point, condition,
situation
---Let’s think of a situation where this word
can be used.
----Business had come to a point where
increased sales did not mean increased profit.

15. (4) Choice of relative adverbs: when, where, why
Note: “Why” can introduce a restrictive relative clause, used as adverbial,
showing reason.
There is no reason why he should refuse.
The reason which he gave is unbelievable.

16. 2. Choice of relative words in non-restrict relative
---His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
---The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.
---His brother, whom you met at the bus stop
yesterday, is good at playing football.
--We first went to Guilin, where we stayed for
two days, and then went to Kunming.
---We sympathized with Li Hong, ____ parents died
in the earthquake.
A. who B. that C. her D. whose
Answer: D
2. Choice of relative words in non-restrict relative
The choice of Who, whom, whose, which, when, where

17. 3. The usage of relative that in relative clauses
1） When the antecedent is personal pronoun or
demonstrative pronoun, such as
those, he, she, anyone, one, no one, nobody,
anybody, none, who is used instead of that.
---Those who don’t wish to go need not do so.
---He who contributes to the people deserves respect.
---Who is the man ____ is reading a book over there?
A, who B. which C. what D. that
Answer: D

18. 3. The usage of relative that in relative clauses
2） When the noun head takes such indefinite
determiners as first ,last, only, much ,
all, any, some, every and no
---Some friends that I made in college
were more interested in grades than in learning.
---There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.
---He is the very scientist that advanced the
new theory.

19. 3. The usage of relative that in relative clauses
3) when the antecedents are indefinite pronouns
such as all , much, anything, everything,
something, nothing, little, none, few
---The book doesn’t say much that amuses children.
---I have explained everything that I can do.

20. 3. The usage of relative that in relative clauses
4) When the question begins with which or who.
---Who is the girl that is talking with Mr. Green?
---Which of us that know something about physics
does not know this?

21. 3. The usage of relative that in relative clauses
5) When the antecedent comprises two or more words referring to a person and a thing
---They are talking about the people and countries that they have visited.

22. 4. Use of relative pronoun “ which ”
Relative “which” used for non-personal reference
in non-restrictive relative clause.
A non-restrictive clause is not closely connected
with the head. It is generally separated from the head
by a clear break or by a comma.
The antecedent of which may be a word,
a clause or part of a clause in the main clause..

23. 4. Use of relative pronoun “ which ”
1) a noun in the main clause
---I gave him a reference book , which he started
to read at once.
---He told us a joke, which made all of us laugh.
2) the content the main clause
expresses / conveys.
---He missed the train, which annoyed him
very much.

24. 5. The choice of which or as in non-restrictive clause
1) The non-restrictive clause introduced
by which can only be put after the main clause,
whereas the non-restrictive clause introduced
by “ as “ can also be put before the main clause.
As you know…
As is shown in …
As has been stated above…
AS has just been proved…
As the name indicates…
As you suggested …
As is often the case…

25. 5. The choice of which or as in non-restrictive clause
2) which / as can be used when it refers
to the whole concept of the main clause,
and is used as subject in the clause .
---He married her, which / as was natural.
….这是很自然的事。
---She was absent, which / as is often the case.

26. 5. The choice of which or as in non-restrictive clause
---As is often the case, he forgot to lock the door.
---Her performance was wonderful,
as we had expected.
Licoln was murdered in a theatre,
as is described in this book.

27. 6. Clauses introduced by “ preposition + relative pronoun”
There are two types of clauses introduced by “ preposition + relative pronoun”, finite and non-finite.
1) Finite clauses introduced by “preposition + relative pronoun”
This type of relative clause is commonly found in formal style. The relative pronoun used here is chiefly “which” ; it is also possible to use “whom” or “whose”.

28. 6. Clauses introduced by “ preposition + relative pronoun”
(1) The choice of prepositions in this construction is determined by the preceding noun phrase or by the following verb phrase.
--This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars.
--Mr.John is a man for whom I have the greatest respect.
--This is Peter in whose house I have lived five years.
--They tried to think of a plan by which they could fulfill their task ahead of time.

29. 6. Clauses introduced by “ preposition + relative pronoun”
(2) “all, both, few, most, several, some+ of + whom (which, whose)
--Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week.
--I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised.
--Both players, neither of whom reached the final, played well.

30. 6. Clauses introduced by “ preposition + relative pronoun”
2) clauses introduced by “preposition + relative pronoun + to infinitive” eg:
--I had nothing on which to focus.
--At last there was something about which to write home.