1. Module 7
Sleep and Dreams

2. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS
Different states
Consciousness
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Continuum of consciousness
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3. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Different states
Controlled processes
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Automatic processes
Daydreaming
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4. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Different states
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5. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Different states
Sleep and dreams
Sleep
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Dreaming
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6. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Unconscious and Implicit Memory
Freud’s theory, when we are faced with very threatening wishes or desires, especially if they are sexual or aggressive
defend self-esteem by placing these thoughts in the ___________________________________________
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Implicit or Non-declarative Memory

7. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Unconscious
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8. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING
Biological clocks (life-time)
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Circadian rhythm
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9. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
Location of biological clocks
Supra-chiasmatic nucleus
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11. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
Location of biological clocks
interval timing clock
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helps creatures time their movements, such as knowing when to start or stop doing some activity
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food-entrainable circadian clock

12. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
Circadian problems and treatments
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13. WORLD OF SLEEP Stages of sleep
distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep
Alpha stage
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14. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep
where you spend approximately ____ of your sleep time
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identified by particular pattern of brain waves and physiological responses
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15. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stage 1 sleep
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16. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stage 2 sleep
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__________________bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles
muscle tension, body temperature and heart rate gradually _______________________________
more difficult ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stages 3 and 4
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most difficult to be awakened from
heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the brain are reduced
controls levels of ________________________________________________________________________________

18. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) REM sleep
makes up the remaining _________ of your sleep time
stands for “__________________________”
eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids
pass into REM sleep about ____________ times throughout the night with about ___________minutes between periods
REM sleep remains for about ______________minutes then passes into non-REM sleep

20. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP According to a national survey
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21. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP Why do I sleep? repair theory
activities during the day deplete key factors in our brain or body that are replenished or repaired by sleep
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adaptive theory
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22. WORLD OF DREAMS Theories of dream interpretation
Freud’s theory of dream interpretation
we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression
“censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and do not disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts

23. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Theories of dream interpretation
Extensions of Waking Life Theory
dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake
Activation-Synthesis Theory
dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down
sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams

24. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Typical dreams What do people dream about?
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visual sensation, but rarely sensations of taste, smell, or pain
seem bizarre, may include flying or falling without injury
may be recurrent (dreams of being threatened, pursued, or trying to hide)

25. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Typical dreams
involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness
rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse
rarely can we control or dream about something we intend to dream about
dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color in sighted people
blind people from birth, dream in tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste), not visual

26. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS
Insomnia
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associated with daytime complaints:
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27. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Nondrug treatment
go to bed only when sleepy
put light out immediately
do not read or watch TV
if not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in another room until tired again
repeat step 4 as often as required
set alarm for same time each morning
do not nap during the day
follow program rigidly for several weeks
Drug treatment

28. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Drug treatment
Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril)
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effective in moderate dosages in short term (2-4 weeks) treatment
prolonged use in higher dosages may lead to ______________________________________
Non-benzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)
rapidly becoming popular
fast acting
reduce daytime drowsiness
fewer cognitive side effects
less likely to lead to dependence

29. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Sleep Apnea
repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer
may repeatedly stop breathing, momentarily awake, and then resume sleep
results in insomnia, and exhaustion during the day
Narcolepsy
chronic disorder that is marked by excessive sleepiness
form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day
accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss of muscle control (cataplexy)
triggered by emotional change

30. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Night Terrors
occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream
followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate
usually no memory of experience in the morning
Nightmares
occur during REM sleep
very frightening and anxiety-producing images occur
involve great danger
upon awakening, person can describe nightmare in great detail

31. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Sleepwalking
occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
getting up and walking while literally sound asleep
have poor coordination
clumsy but can avoid objects
can engage in limited conversation
no memory of sleepwalking