1. Turn of the Century

2. Rural Life Changes
During the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s, new machines changed the lives of people in the rural areas of the United States.
Manual labor was the only way to get tasks done.
Manual labor means jobs done by hand, without the help of machines.
Inventors in the 1880s created new machines which led to new industries.
Machines made farm work easier.
Using machines to do work is called mechanization.

3. Industrial Revolution
As new technologies were invented, industries and cities grew. Many of these advances helped people living in cities and prompted more to leave rural areas.
In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, big businesses were started to meet the needs of the growing society and helped the U.S. economy grow quickly.
People quickly moved to the cities to take jobs in the growing factories and businesses.
The U.S. became the world’s leading producer of manufactured goods.

4. Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the talking telegraph, or telephone.

5. Thomas Edison Inventor of the electric light bulb.
The first power station was built in New York City.

6. George Washington Carver
George Washington Carver was a scientist.
He taught poor black farmers how to make their crops grow better.
He taught cotton farmers it was better to plant different crops each year such as sweet potatoes and peanuts.

7. The Wright Brothers
The Wright Brothers invented a flying machine – the airplane. They flew the plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina due to the coastal winds off the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

8. Streetcars
Horses pulled early streetcars along steel tracks laid in the street.
Frank Sprague designed the first electric streetcars.
Electric streetcars traveled more quickly and held more people than horse-drawn streetcars.

9. Horseless Carriages
The first cars were called horseless carriages because it was like a carriage that did not need horses to pull it.
The first cars with gasoline-powered engines were built in Germany in the late 1880s.

10. Henry Ford
He started his automobile company in He kept trying to come up with ways to reduce costs and increase production. In 1908, he created an assembly line to build automobiles in order to improve productivity. The Model T was the first of these automobiles. By using the assembly line, Ford was able to sell his car for around $250 while other companies sold cars for over $2000! Between , Ford produced over 15 million Model T’s.

11. Assembly Line
Factories use an assembly line. On an assembly line, a product rolls past each worker. Each worker performs his specialized job. This speeds up the process of production and allows a company to produce more goods.

12. Entrepreneur
A person who opens a new business in hopes of making a profit is called an entrepreneur.

13. Monopoly
To try to gain complete control of an industry is a monopoly.

14. John D. Rockefeller
He had a monopoly on the oil industry. His company, Standard Oil owned 90% of the nation’s oil business. He controlled both the production and the transportation of oil, which gave him power to control the price of oil.

15. Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie had a monopoly on the steel industry. He started out as a successful investor and imported a faster and less expensive method for manufacturing steel from an English company. By applying the techniques he learned in England, he came back to the U.S. and combined small companies to make the Carnegie Steel Company. In 1892, his company produced 25% of the steel in the U.S. In 1901, he sold his company for about $250 million dollars. He gave away much of his wealth to build libraries in the U.S. and other countries. .

16. J.P. Morgan
He had a monopoly on the railroad business. Morgan earned his money through investments. He ended up buying Carnegie’s steel company to use for his railroads. By 1901, his U.S. Steel Company made 3/5ths of the nation’s steel.

17. Free Enterprise Economy
Free Enterprise Economy is an economic system based on individual choice to start businesses and own property rather than government command economic systems.
example – The United States has a free market economy where people are free to choose what is made, how it is made, and who gets it.

18. Free Enterprise Economy
Supply and demand is one part of a free enterprise economy. (Also called a Free Market Economy).
When the rule of supply and demand affects one business, it can also help other businesses.
For example, an increased demand for automobiles led to an increased demand for oil in the early 1900s. People who discovered oil during this time became rich because the oil producers were meeting the demands created by the demand for automobiles.

19. Voluntary Exchange
In the United States, people can buy and sell what they want.
This freedom is called voluntary exchange.
When someone buys a peach from the store, this is a trade. The person has traded money for a peach.
The more trade happens the better the economy is. When trade (buying and selling) slows, the economy suffers.
There are many reasons for trade. For example, peaches grow in Georgia, but apples grow in Oregon. Georgia farmers sell peaches to people in Oregon, and Oregon farmers sell their apples to people in Georgia.

20. Natural Resources
Resources found in nature including minerals, water, plants, and soil.

21. Human Resources
People who work to produce goods and services.

22. Capital Resources
Money needed to run a business and buy equipment is called capital resources.
Capital resources are money, machines, property, or tools that are used to make other goods and perform services.

23. Producers Producers are people who make goods.
examples – Walmart, Ford Motor Company, Fantastic Sam’s, Nike
They set the prices that people pay.
They can usually charge more for an item if there is a high demand for it and the supply is limited.

24. Consumers Consumers are people who buy goods and use services.
examples – Mrs. Pence, Johnston Elementary, your parents, YOU!

25. Production, Distribution, Consumption
Goods are produced (made) in a factory. -PRODUCTION
Goods are distributed (delivered) by ships and trucks. -DISTRIBUTION
Goods sold in stores are purchased by consumers and used. -CONSUMPTION

26. PDC Example
Example:
Computer parts are made in China and Japan. (production)
A ship brings imported computer parts to a US company in Mexico. (distribution)
The computer parts are loaded onto a truck and are delivered to the factory. (distribution)
New computers are assembled at the factory. (production)
Completed computers leave the factory and are loaded onto a ship to be exported from Mexico to the USA. (distribution)
Computers are trucked to stores across the USA. (distribution)
Consumers buy computer in stores. (consumption)

27. Productive Capacity
The total amount of things that a group of people can produce is called its productive capacity.
Five things increase productive capacity:
resources
technology
capital goods
specialization
division of labor

28. Specialization
In the past, American families grew their own food and made things by hand. People had to know how to do many different jobs such as farming, cleaning, cooking, sewing, building a house, and milking a cow.
Today, however, most Americans do not make the things they need and people do not know how to do many different jobs. Instead most people do just one kind of job and they work for a company that provides one kind of product or service. This is called specialization. Specialization means to do one thing well.

29. Division of Labor Specialization increases production.
One kind of specialization is called division of labor. Different workers do different jobs.
The division of labor makes manufacturing faster and cheaper.
Ex: In a chair factory, one worker might cut the wood, while another worker hammers the nails, and yet another worker applies the paint. Each worker does a special job to make many chairs increasing production capacity.

30. Opportunity Cost
Business owners must make smart decisions based on opportunity cost.
The opportunity costs is the value of what must be given up in order to produce a certain good.
Ex: You have 2 eggs. You can make either scrambled eggs or brownies but not both. If you make brownies you can not make scrambled eggs. Giving up one thing instead of another is opportunity cost.

31. Goods and Services Goods are items that people make and use.
examples – toys, food, cars
Services are things that people do for others.
examples – doctors, mail carriers, teachers, plumbers, mechanics, truck drivers, hotel workers, house cleaners

32. Exports Goods that are sold to other countries are called exports.
example: the United States exports a lot of food to other countries.
example: The United States exports agricultural equipment to Brazil. Brazil needs the equipment because they grow many crops.

33. Imports
Goods that one country buys from another country are called imports.
Examples: Nike shoes, some foreign made cars, computers, clothes, and more!

34. Supply and Demand Supply is the amount of product that is available.
Demand is the amount of that product that people are willing to buy.
Ex: After a holiday, seasonal candy is on sale because there is a larger supply of a product than demand.
Ex: When a new game system is introduced, demand is high and supply is limited, so the producer can set and get a high price for the product.

35. Scarcity and Surplus
When a product is hard to get it is scarce. Scarcity raises prices.
When a product is easy to get, there is a surplus (more than enough). A surplus lowers prices.

36. Immigration

37. Immigrants
Immigrant – a person who comes to live in a new country from their home country.

38. New Immigrants
Before 1870, most immigrants came to the U.S. from northern and western Europe.
23 million immigrants arrived in the United States between 1880 and 1920.
Most of these immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe.
Not all immigrants who arrived at this time were from Europe. Immigrants also came from Mexico and Asia.

39. European immigrants
People who came from Europe were the largest group of immigrants to come to the United States.
Most of these immigrants stayed in the area around New York and found work in factories.
Many of them wanted to buy land for farming, but they were not able to afford land.
Wages were so low that everyone in the family had to work to earn enough money for food.

40. Mexican Immigrants
Mexican immigrants came from Mexico and few spoke English.
Many Mexicans settled in the southwestern part of the United States in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California.
Many Mexican immigrants found jobs on farms. They worked long hours planting, weeding, and picking lettuce, tomatoes, and grapes.

41. Asian Immigrants Great numbers of Chinese people came to the U.S.
After the California gold rush of 1849, many Chinese people lived in San Francisco, California.
They wanted to stay in the United States, so they were willing to work for low pay.
They worked in mining, agriculture, and as railroad workers.

42. Why did they come to the U.S.?
Immigrants came for different reasons.
Many were escaping poverty, hunger, or lack of jobs.
Others were escaping violence, war, injustice, or mistreatment because of their religion.
Mostly, they came for opportunities to make better lives for themselves and their families.

43. Ellis Island
Most of the ships bringing European immigrants landed at Ellis Island in New York Harbor.
At Ellis Island, doctors checked immigrants for dangerous diseases.
Government officials asked questions about where they were from, what kind of work they did, and where they planned to live.
Immigrants often spent an entire day waiting in the long lines at Ellis Island.

44. Angel Island
Immigrants from Asia came to Angel Island in San Francisco Bay, California.
Most Chinese immigrants had to prove that they had family members already living in the United States.
Government inspectors questioned immigrants before they were allowed to leave the island.
Many Chinese immigrants spent weeks or months on Angel Island.

45. Prejudice
Prejudice – an unfair negative opinion about a group of people.
Some people show prejudice against others because of their race, culture, or religion.
Immigrants from many different countries faced prejudice.

46. African American Migration
At the same time as immigrants were coming to America, many African Americans in the south decided to move to look for factory jobs in cities in the North. This was called the Great Migration.
Even though job opportunities were better in the North, living conditions were still poor.
Many families lived in crowded neighborhoods and still faced the same prejudice they had in the South.

47. Immigration and Diversity
From the 1880s to the 1920s, more immigrants arrived in the United States than at any other time in American history.
Immigrants contributed to the diversity, or variety, of people in the United States.
The U.S. government passed new laws that put a limit on the number of immigrants who could enter the country each year.

48. Latin Motto
E Pluribus Unum became the Latin motto of the United States in Originally suggesting that out of many colonies or states emerge a single nation, it has come to suggest that out of many peoples, religions, and ancestries has emerged a single people and nation- illustrating the concept of the melting pot.

49. Problems of an Industrial Society
As industry grew, problems grew too.
Factories had dangerous machines.
Workers were poorly trained.
Factories were often fire hazards.
Children were small enough to climb in and out of machinery to repair it, which was dangerous.
Children who worked often could not attend school. This law would take many years to correct.
Some industries filled the air with smoke.
Factories dumped waste into rivers or lakes.
Forests were cut down and few companies planted new trees.
There were frequent explosions and accidents in coal mines.

50. Becoming a World Power

51. Alaska
In 1867 the United States bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million dollars (that is just 2¢ an acre!).
William Seward thought that Alaska was valuable, but some newspapers called the purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly” – (a silly idea).
When gold was found in Alaska, a gold rush started with people going to Alaska to get rich.
Some people found gold, but conditions were harsh and thousands of people died.
Alaska was full of natural resources such as fish, timber, coal, and copper.

52. Hawaii The first Americans to arrive were Christian missionaries.
American planters began moving to Hawaii in the mid-1800s. Large sugar cane and pineapple plantations were built.
Liliuokalani became Hawaii’s queen in She did not want foreigners to have so much control in Hawaii.
Americans eventually took over the government.
In 1898, Congress decided to annex Hawaii making it a territory of the United States.

53. Causes of the Spanish-American War
Spain wanted to continue to control the island of Cuba, but Cubans were fighting to be independent from Spain.
In January 1898, President William McKinley sent the battleship “The Maine” to Cuba to protect the lives and property of Americans in Cuba.
In February, the battleship exploded in the harbor killing 260 Americans.
We may never know the real cause of the explosion, but many Americans blamed Spain.

54. Spanish American War “We blamed Spain for blowing up the Maine!”
In April 1898, the U.S. Congress declared war on Spain.
Many Americans volunteered to fight in the war.
Theodore Roosevelt and a group called the Rough Riders (cowboys, Native Americans, and athletes) took part in the fighting.
Several units of experienced African American soldiers went to Cuba to fight. They were called the Buffalo Soldiers.
The Spanish were defeated at the Battle of San Juan Hill.
Spain signed an armistice (treaty) ending the war.

56. Results of War
As a result of the War, the United States gained control of Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
With its victory over Spain, President McKinley helped lead the United States to become a world power – one of the most powerful nations in the world.
Theodore Roosevelt became a national hero.
More than 5,000 American soldiers died Americans were killed in battle, and the rest died from diseases.

57. Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt returned from Cuba very popular.
First, he was elected governor of New York.
Then, in 1900, he was elected Vice President.
When President McKinley was assassinated in 1910, Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States. Both of these men helped to expand America’s role in the world.
Roosevelt worked with other countries to help them work out peaceful agreements. Because of this, he was the first American to ever receive the Nobel Peace Prize.

58. The Panama Canal
One of President Roosevelt’s goals was to build a canal across Panama in Central America.
The canal would link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by cutting across the isthmus that joined North America and South America. This was a 6,000 mile “shortcut” for ships, therefore allowing for easier trade between countries.
The United States controlled the canal from 1903 until the year 2000, when President Jimmy Carter signed it back over to the people of Panama.

59. Panama Canal
It took 10 years and about $380 million dollars to build the canal.
Today the canal is still helping move people and goods all around the world encouraging the ease of trade between countries.
It also helped others see that the US was an industrial country and a world power.