1. CHW3M Ms. Gluskin York Mills CI
Rome - Intro
CHW3M
Ms. Gluskin
York Mills CI

2. A Practical and Monumental Civilization
Public toilets at Ostia, 40 BCE
Arena in Pompeii
Affordable Housing Institute: US. The Economics of Water: Part 5 – Roman Municipal Finance (March 29, 2012).
Nappo Salvatore Ciro, A Pompeii: Its discovery and preservation, BBC History, 2011, (Oct. 26, 2015).

3. Familiar To Many People…
Colosseum, amphitheatre in Rome
Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain
PBS, Building Big, Tunnel Basics, Ancient Roman Aqueduct, 2001, (April 1, 2013).
Keith Hopkins, The Colosseum: Emblem of Rome, BBC History, 2011, (April 1, 2013).

4. Timeline of Republic 700s BCE – Etruscan civilization
753 BCE – Founding of Rome
Monarchy (some of the kings were Etruscan and had a bad reputation)
509 BCE – Roman Republic begins
Republic = form of government with no monarchy

5. Timeline of Empire 81-80 BCE - Pompeii comes under full Roman control
79 CE - Pompeii is destroyed
44 BCE – End of Republic – beginning of Empire
476 CE – End of the empire in the west
1453 – End of the empire in the east

6. Republic = Res publica (public affair)
44 BCE: Rome at the end of the Republic
Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome
About.com. Legendary Rome Timeline (March 29, 2012).
Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Roman Republic (March 29, 2012).

7. Theme #1: Growth & Expansion
Expansion began from the city of Rome (red dot) circa 500 BCE and extended to the purple, pink and yellow areas by the end of the republic (44 BCE)
W.W. Norton Publishing, Ralph's World Civilizations Chapter 9, 1997,
(March 30, 2013).

8. Geographic Features That Affected Rome’s Development
Physical map of Europe
Free Maps of the World. Physical Map of Europe. N.d., (April 2, 2012).

9. Orientation Toward the Sea
Trade, navy
Therefore:
Eventually Rome was able to dominate the Mediterranean.

10. No Internal Physical Barriers
There were mountains but they didn’t divide like in Greece
Therefore:
There was more unified than Greece after the Romans (a tribe) began expanding and conquering other territories.

11. Agriculture Very fertile soil (due to volcanic ash)
But population growth meant that there still wasn’t enough land
Need to import grain from Sicily and Egypt
Therefore:
Romans needed to conquer more territory in order to expand (military)
Carthage a potential enemy

12. The Alps These mountains separated Rome from the rest of Europe
Po River was seen as a border dividing civilized Rome from northern “barbarians”
Therefore:
Rome felt protected by these mountains, possibly superior
There were invasions, however

13. Alps Hannibal crossing the Alps Alps
Archaeology Photoblog. Hannibal In the Alps. Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project: (March 29, 2012).

14. Theme #2: Romanization
Romanization = spread of Roman values and culture
Roman bath in Bath, England.
In Pompeii Romanization was achieved by the Romans settling veterans and their families there.
Bath and Northeast Somerset Council, The Roman Baths, Bath, N.d.
(March 30, 2013).

15. Theme #3: Importance of Citizenship
Privileges of citizenship – see pages in textbook
Ruins of the Pompeii Forum, where citizens came to meet
John J. Dobbins, The Forum at Pompeii, 2006, (Oct. 26, 2015)

16. Privileges of Roman Citizenship
Protected in law from random power of magistrates
Child of father citizen is citizen (if…)
Less taxes, no tribute payment
Slave freed by citizen is citizen (if…)

17. Theme #4: Struggle of the Orders – Patricians vs. Plebeians
The Twelve Tables (law code from the 400s BCE)
Table XI.1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.
[Later struck down.]
Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1901), Vol. III: The Roman World, pp In Paul Halsall, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Roman Republic: The Twelve Tables (June 1998), August 10, 2002

18. Theme #5: Complicated Form of Government in Republic
Elements of monarchy – but they hate kings {rex=king}
[2 Consuls and other magistrates]
Elements of aristocracy – but not 100% pure power for patricians
[Senate]
Elements of democracy – but not direct democracy like in Athens
[committees and tribunes]

19. Balanced Government? Aristocratic Democratic Monarchical
2 Consuls + other magistrates
Committees Councils, Tribunes

20. Magistrates (gov’t officials)
Magistrates want to climb the Cursus Honorum
Censors
Census and censorship
Consuls
Army
Praetors
Justice, relations between Romans and non-Romans
Aediles
Quaestors
Roads, water, etc.
Financial matters
Why is dictator not on the cursus honorum?

21. Theme #6: Roman State Religion
The concrete dome of the Pantheon, a temple originally built to honour all of the Roman gods. Later it was turned into a Christian Church.
Emperor Augustus dressed as a Roman priest
Ritualistic, polytheistic religion
People wanted the gods’ approval
Priests (pontiffs)
Sacrifices
Taking of auspices (reading the liver of birds to predict the future)
Watching the direction birds flew
McGill Architecture, Pantheon Rome, 2005, (March 30, 2013); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery, 2011, (Oct. 30, 2015).

22. Household Gods
A family shrine to the “lares” (household gods and spirits) found in a Pompeii house
C.N. Trueman, Ancient Rome and Religion, History Learning Site, March 16, 2015,
(Oct. 26, 2015)

23. Cross-cultural Religion
Egyptian Horus in Roman military clothing
Reconstruction of Aque Sulis bath in Bath, England, where Roman Britons worshipped not only Roman goddess Minerva but also Celtic god Sulis - therefore Sulis-Minerva.
British Museum, Highlights: Egyptian god horus sculpture, N.d., (Oct. 30, 2015); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery – Religion in the Roman Provinces, 2011, (Oct. 30, 2015).

24. Gods from Elsewhere – Mystery Cults
Persian god Mithras, “emissary of light”, popular in the first two centuries CE with soldiers and low government officials
The Romans, Religion: Under the Empire, N.d., (Oct. 30, 2015); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery, 2011, (Oct. 30, 2015); Wikipedia, Isis, Oct. 29, 2015, (Oct. 30, 2015).

25. Homework Day 1: Take notes on 172-176:
Importance of Gauls, Sicily and southern Spain
Carthaginians, Hannibal
Scipio Africanus
Addition of eastern territory
Coloniae
Via Appia

26. Homework Takeup:
Name two societies that at one point defeated the Romans.
Name two societies the Romans defeated.
What was the importance of coloniae to the Romans?
How did roads help Romanize the Italian peninsula?

27. Social Customs Roman Social Customs Beliefs: Superstitious
Greeks and Etruscans, added their own
Auspices, military, elections, gods
Astrology, zodiac
Pontifex Maximus, calendar
Animal sacrifices

28. Family Life and Morality
Paterfamilias, household, wife, children, slaves
Potestas
Property
Adoption
Love
Recognized

29. Education Education Together Latin Home, in public 16, Forum
No education
Girls