1. Phylum – Porifera The Sponges Read 130-133

2. The Sponges – Phylum Porifera

4. Taxonomy Kingdom – Animalia Subkingdom – Parazoa (lacks tissues)
Phylum – Porifera (pores)

5. Characteristics Porifera Porus (pore) + Fera (bearing)
Simplest of all animals
Contain specialized cells but no other organization level
Most are marine
Saltwater sponges are brightly colored

6. Characteristics Freshwater sponges are small and dull green color
Size – 2 meters to 2 cm
No nerves - therefore - No coordinated movement
Single or colonial

7. Characteristics Water enters through pores bringing in food and oxygen
Filter feeders on plankton
Osculum – large opening at the top where excess water leaves

8. Draw or trace diagram of a sponge from page 131 in your text book

9. Water Flow Through the Sponge
WATER OUT
Water Flow Through the Sponge
WATER IN
Osculum

10. Characteristics Asymmetrical Sessile as adults (attach to rocks)
Free-swimming larval stage called Dipleurula
Also reproduce by fragmentation (pieces break off & form a new sponge)

11. Sponge Body Structure Inside body cavity of sponge is hollow
Called the Spongocoel
Have 2 cell layers:
Outer epidermis
Inner endoderm
Jelly-like material between cell layers called mesenchyme

12. Collar Cells line the gastrovascular cavity & capture food
Amebocytes digest & distribute food

13. Specialized Cells Collar cells line inside of body cavity (spongocoel)
Have flagella that spins to pull in water & food
Collar traps plankton (food) from water
Collar
Collar cells

14. Other Specialized Cells
Amebocytes:
Pick up food from collar cells
Finish digestion
Move through the mesenchyme & take food to other cells

15. Skeletal Structure of the Sponge
Skeleton made of network of protein fibers called Spongin
Spicules are hard spear or star-shaped structures
Spicules made of CaCO3 (limestone) or silica SiO2(glass)

16. Sponge Skeletons
Silica Spicules
Limestone Spicules
SPONGIN

17. Sponge Skeletons
VENUS FLOWER BASKET
SPICULES

18. Spicule type determines classification
Phylum Porifera
Class:
Calcarea (calcerous sponges having spicules)

19. (horn sponges, like the bath sponge)
Phylum Porifera
Class:
Demosponginae
(horn sponges, like the bath sponge)

20. (coralline or tropical reef sponges)
Phylum Porifera
Class:
Scleropongiae
(coralline or tropical reef sponges)

21. Phylum Porifera
Class:
Hexactinellida
(glass sponges).

22. Sponge Reproduction
Sponges can regenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual)
Sponges also reproduce asexually by budding

23. Sponge releasing eggs & sperm
Sponge Reproduction
Sponges are hermaphrodites (produce both eggs & sperm)
Sponges reproduce Sexually by releasing eggs & sperm into the water from the Osculum
Cross-fertilize each other’s eggs
Sponge releasing eggs & sperm

24. Surviving Harsh Conditions
Gemmules are specialized buds made to survive harsh weather (hot or cold)
Contain food, amebocytes, and a protective covering of spicules
Released when a sponge dies
Resist dessication (drying out)
Become adult sponge conditions become favorable

25. Feeding Filter Feeders
Collar cells collect particles as they pass through the Pore Cells
Items consumed are Resist d diatoms, protozoans, bacteria nad organic matter

26. Branching Tube Sponge

27. Stove Pipe Sponge

28. Vase Sponges

29. Barrel Sponges

30. Ball Sponges

31. Rope Sponges

35. Importance of Sponges Reefs provide habitat for many animals
Vacuums of the sea -- clean up the sea floor/oceans
Sponges are a commercial venture
Several medicinal compounds, including antibiotics, antivirual drugs, and drugs for leukemia come from sponges.

36. Cool Stuff – Regeneration!
Tremendous ability to repair and restore lost parts.
Can also reconstitute selves if totally disintegrated.
Sponge tissue has some similarity to human connective tissue. Could lead to aid in tissue transplantation.

37. Embryology Development Weird and different from any other animal.
Larval stage is usually a flagellated and free swimming. Interior has all cells of sponges but no choanocytes.
Settles. Creeps around on flagella and eats extracellularly.