1. Phylum Porifera The Sponges

2. Porifera Vocabulary 1.Sponge 7.spicule 2.Sessile 8.filter feeding
3.Choanocyte 9.amoebocyte
4.Ostium gemmule
5.Osculum 11.regeneration
6.Spongin 12.hermaphrodite

4. The Wonderful World of Sponges

5. Wonderful Sponges Video
oTemperature 300 feet Water became darker & cooler oNO competition oDon’t need as much sunlight oCan grow very large because there is no competition & no need for sun o1 cubic centimeter of sponge can filter 20 L of water (nutrients) per day oEat by filtering “marine snow” ….. Waste and other tiny nutrients oGrow long because they stretch out into the current to try to filter the nutrients

6. Taxonomy of Porifera Taxonomy Domain – Eukarya Kingdom – Animalia
Subkingdom – Parazoa (lacks tissues)
Phylum – Porifera (pores)
Class – Calcarea
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae
Sclerospongiae
Taxonomy of Porifera
Taxonomy

7. General Characteristics
Simplest of all animals
Lowest level of organized animal life
Most are marine

8. General Characteristics - cont
Porifera means pore-bearing (latin)
*Aquatic- in water
*Marine :saltwater=ocean=high salinity
*Freshwater=creeks, lakes = low salinity
*salinity-amount of salt

9. Symmetry Sponges are ASYMMETRICAL (most)
Some can be radially symmetrical

10. Feeding Method Sponges are Filter feeders
They feed on plankton (microscopic base of food chain)

11. Water Flow Through the Sponge
WATER OUT
Water Flow Through the Sponge
WATER IN
Osculum

12. Filtering in Sponges

13. Color the notebook page just as it designated on your worksheet
Color the notebook page just as it designated on your worksheet.Use this to color code your worksheet.

14. Are sponges unicellular or multicellular?
Questions
Sponges are in what kingdom and phylum? Kingdom____________________ Phylum__________________ Classes____ ___ ___ ___
Are sponges unicellular or multicellular?
Are sponges prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
What does “Porifera” mean?

15. Movement Sessile as adults (attach to rocks)
Free-swimming larval stage called Dipleurula

16. Body Cavity/Germ Layers
Sponges are acoelomate.
Sponges are not made of tissues.
They consist of Cells only.
The cells are arranged in 2 layers:
Outer epidermis
Inner endoderm
Jelly-like material between cell layers called mesenchyme or mesohyl

17. Sponge Body Structure Inside body cavity of sponge is hollow
Called the Spongocoel
Osculum – large opening at the top where excess water leaves

18. Questions Cont.
5.Name the two body layers of sponges. 6. What type of symmetry do the MAJORITY of sponges have? 7. Why are adult sponges said to be sessile animals?

19. Specialized Cells - Choanocytes
Choanocytes (collar cells) line inside of body cavity (spongocoel)
Have flagella that spins to pull in water & food
Draw this
Collar

20. Specialized Cells
Collar traps plankton (food) from water

21. Specialized Cells - Amoebocytes
Pick up food from choanocytes
Finish digestion
Move through the mesenchyme & take food to other cells

22. Questions Cont.
8. What are the 3 jobs of the amoebocyte? 9. What part of a collar cell helps pull in water?

23. Skeletal Structure of the Sponge
Skeleton made of network of protein fibers called Spongin
Spicules are hard spear or star-shaped structures

24. Questions Cont.
10. What two substances give the sponge support? 11. What cells move around in the mesenchyme delivering food and oxygen to other cells?

25. 3 main sponge structures sketch each one on your notes
Asconoids (ascon) -Simplest of the sponges - 4 inches or 10 cm -look like a slender sack or tube Syconoids (sycon) -Slightly larger, thicker, and more complex -Holes make rows on a smooth surface -Shaped like tubes. -Sponge wall appears folded Leuconoids (leucon) -Largest of all the sponges -In 5 minutes they filter their own weight in water -Very common body type -More than one osculum is often present

27. Sponge Reproduction (Asexual)
Sponges can regenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual)
Fragmentation
Sponges also reproduce asexually by budding.

28. Sponge Reproduction (Sexual)
Sponges are hermaphrodites (produce both eggs & sperm in same organism)
Sponges reproduce Sexually by releasing eggs or sperm into the water from the Osculum
Cross-fertilize each other’s eggs
Sponge releasing eggs & sperm

29. Sexual Reproduction - Sponges

30. Adaptations for Survival
When conditions are harsh the sponge produces Gemmules.
These are buds that contain food, amoebocytes, and a protective covering of spicules
When conditions become favorable they will grow into a new sponge.

31. Taxonomy of Porifera Taxonomy Kingdom – Animalia
Subkingdom – Parazoa (lacks tissues)
Phylum – Porifera (pores)
Class – Calcarea
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae
Sclerospongiae
Taxonomy of Porifera
Taxonomy

32. Class Calcarea Calcareous sponges
Pastel colors as well as tan and black
Spicules made of calcium carbonate
Spicules form rays and circles
Can be all 3 body types
Found in marine and freshwater

33. Class Hexactinellida Glass sponges Spicules are made of silica
Have 6 points and look like stars
First group to develop
All are marine
Syconoid or leuconoid body type

34. Hexactinellida are special because …
Their spicules have electronic “receivers” that respond extremely fast to stimuli
Effects are generated across the organism
Their tissues are primarily comprised of a primitive liquid, or cytoplasm, known as syncitia
While other sponges may alter their structure, hexactinellids are incapable of contracting and constricting their bodies

35. Class Demospongiae Horn sponges / bath sponges
Largest class (90% of sponges)
Spicules are made of spongin, silica or mixture of both
Many diverse orders, including all large sponges
Includes all commercial species
Mostly marine
Leuconoid body form

36. Class Sclerospongiae Coralline sponges
Internal skeleton of siliceous spicules and spongin plus an outer encasement of calcium carbonate
The layered skeletons look similar to reef corals – (hence the common name)
All marine
Few modern species

37. Why is there question about the validity of Class Sclerospongiae?
    The class Sclerospongiae has been subjected to change as new scientific innovations and theories have developed.  Many scientists, including those who conferred with us, dispute over the controversial existence of the Sclerospongiae class.  New research suggests that particular integral components of this class promote the fact that its members may be distributed among the classes of the Demospongiae and Calcarea. 

38. A Gemmule

39. Branching Tube Sponge

40. Stove Pipe Sponge

41. Vase Sponges

42. Barrel Sponges

43. Ball Sponges

44. Rope Sponges

47. Economic Importance
Sponges can be harvested in large amounts to be used as a “sponge ”!
There are environmental concerns over this and synthetic sponges are also made.

48. Questions 12.Identify and differentiate the 3 main sponge structures.
13. How do sponges reproduce asexually?
14. How do sponges reproduce sexually?
15. What does it mean to be a hermaphrodite? 16. What is the function of gemmules?