1. Bell Ringer 8.29.2011 (Today: Do NOT write questions)
1. Do you think seeds would grow better in saltwater or freshwater?
2. Write a hypothesis explaining what you think.
For example: “If I grow seeds in saltwater, then they would grow _________ than they would in freshwater.”

2. Bell Ringer
How do living things in the environment affect non living things? Give an example
How do the nonliving things affect the living things? Give an example
List three nonliving things that you use everyday. 2

3. Chapter 2
Principles of Ecology 3

4. I. Ecology
Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environments
Ecology reveals relationships between living and non living things 4

5. Biotic vs. Abiotic
1. Abiotic factors: nonliving parts of the environments
examples:
a. Air
b. Water
c. Temperature
d. Sunlight
e. soil 5

6. 2. Biotic Factors: living parts of the environment Examples: a. Plants
b. Animals
c. Bacteria 6

7. Complete Chart in Notebook, do 15 items
biotic
abiotic X
students
desk X
bacteria X 7

8. Bell Ringer 8.30.2011 Define Biotic. Define Abiotic.
List 3 biotic and 3 abiotic factors in your environment at home. 8

9. III. Levels of Organization in Ecology
From the small to the large picture
Organisms: the individual living thing
2. Population: the number of one species in an area at the same time 9

10. Communities: a collection of interacting populations
ex. mice, hawks, maple trees in an area together
Ecosystems: the interactions among the populations in a community and the community’s abiotic factors.
Terrestrial ecosystem
Fresh water ecosystem
Salt water ecosystem 10

11. Sponge 9/16/10
What is the difference between a population and a community?
What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?
At what level of ecology would polluted water become a concern? 11

12. Sponge 9/20/10 A mouse is an example of a(n) ______.
a. Abiotic factor b. Biotic factor
Many corn plants in a corn field is an example of a(n) ________.
a. population b. community c. ecosystem
A rock would be part of a(n) _______.
A pond is an example of a _______ ecosystem.
a. terrestrial b.freshwater c. Salt water 12

13. IV. Organisms in Ecosystems
Habitat: the place where an organism lives out its life. “the address”
Example: field, forest, praire
Niche: the role & position a species has in its environment. “the job”
Example: a job, finding food, shelter, reproducing 13

14. 3. environment: biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust.14

15. Sponge 9/21/10 Define habitat. Define niche.
Are living things always enemies? Can they be FRIENDS?? 15

16. V. Living relationships
Some interactions are harmful to one species, yet beneficial to another
predator-prey relationship
Lion-gazelle
Hawk-mouse
Some species enhance their chances of survival by forming relationships with other species 16

17. Kinds of Symbiosis
Symbiosis: relationships that are close and permanent among organisms of different species
A. Commensalism: one species benefits & the other species is neither harmed or benefited
Ex. Bee and Maribou Stork 17

18. b. Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship.
Ex. Honey guide bird and badger
Parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other. Parasites usually harm the host , not kill it.
Ex. Cuckoo and Warbler 18

19. Sponge 9/23/10 What is symbiosis 2. What are the 3 kinds of Symbiosis
3. Give an example of parasitism. 19

20. VI. Nutrition and Energy flow
Sunlight is the ultimate source of energy
Autotrophs: the producers
Use energy stored in chemical compounds to make their own food (PLANTS)
All organisms depend on autotrophs for energy
Heterotrophs: the consumers
Can’t produce their own food
Get nutrients by eating other organisms 20

21. Types of heterotrophs
Herbivores: primary consumer that directly feeds on autotrophs/plants
Ex. Rabbits, deer, mice
Carnivores: secondary consumer feeds on other heterotrophs
Ex. Predators like coyotes & lions
Omnivores: feed on both plants and animals
Ex. Bears eat fish and berries
Decomposers: breakdown & absorb nutrients from dead organisms
Ex. Bacteria, Fungus, pill bugs 21

22. Sponge 9/30/10 Define autotroph and give an example.
Define heterotroph and give an example
The cow in the picture is what type of heterotroph? 22

23. VII. Food Chains
Food Chains: diagram that shows how matter & energy move through the ecosystem
Grass Rabbit Snake Hawk
Arrows show direction energy is going
Food chains always start with a plant
Usually have only 3-5 levels
Energy is lost when moving up the food chain 23

24. 1st trophic level: Producers 2nd trophic level: primary consumers
Trophic Levels: level an organism belongs to is determined by its distance from the producer
1st trophic level: Producers
2nd trophic level: primary consumers
3rd trophic level: secondary consumers
Higher trophic levels: tertiary consumers 24

25. Energy transfer is limited by:
Animals at higher levels don’t eat all available food
Great amount of waste at every level (heat)
Energy is expended during metabolism 25

26. 26

27. 27

28. Sponge 10/01/10 1.In the food chain which organisms is the producer?
Which organism is the primary consumer?
Which organism is in the 3rd trophic level?
What do the arrows indicate? 28

29. Food Webs: show all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community.
More realistic diagram than food chain
Most heterotrophs depend on more than one species for food or energy.
Trophic Levels:
Tertiary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Primary Consumers
Producers
Fox
Hawk
Frog
Snake
Grass Hopper
Sparrow
Grass 29

30. Sponge 10/7/2010 Create a food web from the following food chains:
Plant roots rabbit fox
Plant leaves rabbit snake hawk
Plant leaves mouse fox
2. Why is a food web a better diagram than a food chain? 30

31. Sponge 10/8/2010 1. What is NITROGEN? Is it a gas, liquid, or a solid?
2. Do you need NITROGEN?
3. Do plants need NITROGEN? 31

32. VIII. Cycles of Nature
First: The Nitrogen Cycle 32

33. Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrifying Bacteria: takes nitrogen out of the atmosphere and puts it in the soil as NH3
Nitrates: created by nitrifying bacteria that plants take in through roots
Plants: Legumes take in nitrogen and use it to make protein
Animals: eat plants so nitrogen enters protein in muscle tissue
Waste & Dead organisms: return nitrogen to the soil with the help of bacteria 33

34. 34

35. Sponge 10/15/2010 Why is water important to our ecosystem?
What is precipitation?
What is evaporation? 35

36. ` The Water Cycle pg 53 Water is recycled in 4 stages.
Precipitation: rain, snow
Evaporation: water molecules enter the atmosphere.
Condensation: water in the atmosphere condenses on cooler surfaces than the temp. of air
Transpiration: water lost through leaves in plants. 36

37. Sponge 10/8/2010
In your own words describe the following steps of the water cycle:
Precipitation
Condensation
Evaportation
transpiration 37

38. Sponge 10/11/2010 Why is nitrogen important to our ecosystem?
How does bacteria play a role in the Nitrogen cycle? 38

39. Sponge 10/18/2010
1. When you water a plant, where does the water end up?
2. Name all 4 stages of the water cycle.
3. Which stage of the water cycle makes water drops appear on a cold glass of lemonade? 39

40. The Carbon Cycle pg 55 All living things are made of carbon
Carbon is recycled in 4 steps
Death and decay: return carbon to the soil.
Respiration: by animals returns carbon dioxide to the air. Ex. Exhaling
Combustion: burning materials returns carbon monoxide to the air
Photosynthesis: returns carbon to living things through plant life. 40

41. Sponge 10/21/2010
Describe how plants have an important role in the carbon cycle.
Describe how heterotrophs (ex. Animals) have an important role in the carbon cycle. 41

42. IX. Biomes
Biome: a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of community.
2 Types of Biomes
Aquatic: freshwater and saltwater
Terrestrial: Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Grasslands, Temperate Forest, Tropical Rain Forest 42

43. 10/8/09
What is a biome?
What is climate? 43

44. Climatogram
San Luis Obispo, California

45. Sponge 10/9/08 How does climate affect a Biome?
2. List three interesting facts that you learned about a biome this week?
3. What is a climatograph, and what information can scientists learn from it? 45

46. Temp. Range Precipitation Range Location Animals Present
Plants Present
Tundra
Taiga
Desert
Grassland
Temperate Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
North & South Pole
Canada, Russia, China
Rattle snake
Kit fox, lizard
Buffalo
Prairie dog
Oak &
Elm trees
Epiphytes, Palms, lianas 46

47. Sponge 10/12/09 1. What Biome is climatograph A from?
What Biome is climatograph B from?
What information did you use to answer #1 and #2. B 47

48. Sponge 10/13/08
1. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enter the biotic part of the biosphere through______.
a. Combustion b. Photosynthesis
Omnivores, carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, & decomposers are all ___.
a. Autotrophs b. Heterotrophs
Parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism are examples of _______.
a. Ecosystems b. symbiosis 48

49. 4. Water is lost to atmosphere from plants and tree by the process of
Precipitation b. Transpiration
5. _______ is an example of a freshwater aquatic biome
Estuary b. Lake
6. _____ contains nitrogen.
a. Protein b. Carbohydrates 49