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Chapter 10 Launching the New Ship of State, 1789–1800
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I. Growing Pains U.S. population doubled every twenty-five years – America’s population was still 90% rural All but 5% lived east of the Appalachian Mountains Population concerns – Western people were dubiously loyal – The mouth of the Mississippi lay in Spanish hands
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II. Washington for President Washington unanimously elected in 1789 – Washington establishing the first cabinet Secretary of State—Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury—Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War—Henry Knox
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p181
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III. The Bill of Rights First job of the new government – Bill of Rights, 10 adopted amendments (1791) The Judiciary Act of 1789 – Organized the Supreme & federal court system
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U.S Bill of Rights (Proposed 1789, ratified 1791) (12 amendments proposed, 10 approved)
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James Madison –”Father of the Constitution” (And main author of the Bill of Rights)
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IV. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Fiscal policies of administration favored wealthy – Wanted to make USA a good financial investment Funding at par accepted by Congress ($54 m) Urged Congress towards Assumption ($21.5 m) – Feds would assume debts of states Shift wealthy creditors loyalty from the states to fed
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V. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes The national debt was $75 million Money to come from tariffs (customs duties) – The first tariff law imposed 8% (1789) Hamilton sought additional internal revenue – An excise tax on a few items, notably whiskey
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Figure 10-1 p184
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p185
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VII. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania The Whiskey Rebellion – Flared up in southwestern Pennsylvania – Big challenge for the new national government – Washington summoned the militias – Troops put down western Pennsylvania insurrection
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VIII. The Emergence of Political Parties Hamilton’s ideas cause an organized opposition Founders had not envisioned political parties U.S developed a two-party system – Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) – Federalists (Hamilton) Political competition key to a sound democracy – The party out of power is ‘the loyal opposition’
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IX. The Impact of the French Revolution French Revolution (1789-1815) – U.S. excited that democracy was spreading – U.S. worried about the Reign of Terror
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X. Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation U.S signed mutual aid treaty with France (1778) Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation (1794) – Started isolationist tradition – Upset Jeffersonians (Democratic-Republicans) – Made Federalist happy
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XI. Embroilments with Britain GB had trading / military posts on U.S. soil – British fur trade – Armed/supported an Indian buffer state Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) – General “Mad Anthony” Wayne routed the Miamis – Led to Treaty of Greenville, (1795) British Impressment of American sailors – Incensed patriotic Americans
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XII. Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell Jay’s Treaty with Britain (1794) – British concessions to U.S. were minimal Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain (1795) – Granted the Americans everything Navigation of Mississippi, land in western Florida Washington decided to retire – Establishing a two-term tradition for U.S. presidents – His Farewell Address to the nation in 1796 Advised the avoidance of “permanent alliances”
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XIII. John Adams Becomes President Federalists supported John Adams Dem-Rep wanted Thomas Jefferson Election of 1796 Results – Adams wins electoral vote 71 to 68 – Adams wins popular vote 35,726 to 32,115 – Jefferson, as runner up, became vice-president 12 th Amendment would change this – President & VP would run as a team
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XIV. Unofficial Fighting with France The French were infuriated by Jay’s Treaty – French warships began to seize American ships Adams attempted an agreement w/ the French – Negotiations failed b/c of the XYZ Affair Fighting mostly in West Indies (1798-1800) – Mostly attacks on merchant vessels
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XV. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party The Convention of 1800 – Ended French 1778 treaty (Federalist unhappy) – Agreed to pay damage claims of American shippers – Adams deserves credit for belated push for peace Preparation of peaceful purchase of Louisiana in 3 years
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XVI. The Federalist Witch Hunt Federalists try to muffle the Jeffersonian foes – First, aimed at pro-Jeffersonian “aliens” Raised citizenship requirement from 5 years to 14 – Second, Alien Laws Non-citizens could be deported for cause (never enforced) – Third, Sedition Act Law limited speech and press
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XVII. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – Promoted extreme states’ rights view of the union Both stressed the compacts theory – The states contracted to create a federal gov’t
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XVIII. Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans The presidential contest of 1800 – Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans – Conflicts over domestic politics – Conflicts over foreign policy Undermined the unity of the Revolutionary era
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Table 10-3 p198
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