1. Operant Conditioning I

2. Volunteer?

3. Priscilla the Fastidious Pig http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6tpXC2mwlQ

4. Thorndike and Law of Effect Rewarded behavior is likely to occur

5. B. F. Skinner “Operant conditioning shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay” It’s all a matter of consequences

6. Operant Conditioning Learning where responses come to be controlled by their consequences –Classical conditioning = regulating reflexive, involuntary responses –Operant conditioning = voluntary responses

7. Skinner = Pigeons http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=vGazyH6fQQ4http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=vGazyH6fQQ4

8. What the what!? How did he do that? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtfQlkGw E2Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtfQlkGw E2U Shaping and reinforcement –Shaping – operant technique, reward for closer and closer approximation of desired response

9. Skinner says… Organisms tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences –Understood best through idea of reinforcement – response is strengthened because it leads to rewarding consequences –Defined AFTER THE FACT

10. Response: Go to Chipotle for a meal Rewarding stimulus presented: Most delicious meal you will ever have… ever Tendency to patronize Chipotle increases Response: Tell jokes Rewarding stimulus presented: Friends laugh Tendency to tell jokes increases REINFORCEMENT IN OPERANT CONDITIONING

11. Primary vs. Conditioned (secondary) Reinforcers

12. Generalization vs. Discrimination Which is which? 1)Kids only ask parents for sweets when they know the parents are in a good mood. 2)A cat runs into the kitchen whenever a can opener is being utilized

13. Basic Processes in Classical and Operant Conditioning VS.

14. Overjustification Effect Preview of motivation chapter –What’s your reward for coming to school?

15. Operant Conditioning II

16. Reinforcement Schedules Ratio Interval FixedVariable Cumulative Responses Fixed-ratio (FR): Lower resistance to extinction Rapid Responding Short pause after reinforcement Note: higher ratios generate higher response rates Fixed-interval (FI): Lower resistance to extinction Long pause after reinforcement yields “scalloping effect” Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Variable- Ratio (VR): Higher resistance to extinction High, steady rate without pauses Note: Higher ratios generate higher response rates Variable-Interval (VI): Higher resistance to extinction Low, steady rate without pauses Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Time

17. Fixed-ratio schedule A rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press A salesperson receives a bonus for every fourth gym membership sold

18. Reinforcement Schedules Ratio Interval FixedVariable Cumulative Responses Fixed-ratio (FR): Lower resistance to extinction Rapid Responding Short pause after reinforcement Note: higher ratios generate higher response rates Fixed-interval (FI): Lower resistance to extinction Long pause after reinforcement yields “scalloping effect” Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Variable- Ratio (VR): Higher resistance to extinction High, steady rate without pauses Note: Higher ratios generate higher response rates Variable-Interval (VI): Higher resistance to extinction Low, steady rate without pauses Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Time

19. Variable-ratio schedule A slot machine in a casino pays off once every six tries on the average. –The number of winning responses between payoffs varies greatly from one time to the next.

20. Reinforcement Schedules Ratio Interval FixedVariable Cumulative Responses Fixed-ratio (FR): Lower resistance to extinction Rapid Responding Short pause after reinforcement Note: higher ratios generate higher response rates Fixed-interval (FI): Lower resistance to extinction Long pause after reinforcement yields “scalloping effect” Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Variable- Ratio (VR): Higher resistance to extinction High, steady rate without pauses Note: Higher ratios generate higher response rates Variable-Interval (VI): Higher resistance to extinction Low, steady rate without pauses Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Time

21. Fixed-interval schedule A man washing his clothes periodically check to see whether each load is finished –The reward (clean clothes) is available only after a fixed time interval –The man who checks his laundry before it is completed in the cycle does not receive reinforcement of clean clothes… because they’re not done yet

22. Reinforcement Schedules Ratio Interval FixedVariable Cumulative Responses Fixed-ratio (FR): Lower resistance to extinction Rapid Responding Short pause after reinforcement Note: higher ratios generate higher response rates Fixed-interval (FI): Lower resistance to extinction Long pause after reinforcement yields “scalloping effect” Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Variable- Ratio (VR): Higher resistance to extinction High, steady rate without pauses Note: Higher ratios generate higher response rates Variable-Interval (VI): Higher resistance to extinction Low, steady rate without pauses Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Time

23. Variable-interval schedule Person wants to win a radio contest, so calls the station and gets a busy signal –Getting through to the DJ is the reinforcer A rat is reinforced for the first lever press after a 1 minute interval, but the following intervals are 3 min, 2 min, and 4 min (average of 2 min)

24. Reinforcement Schedules Ratio Interval FixedVariable Cumulative Responses Fixed-ratio (FR): Lower resistance to extinction Rapid Responding Short pause after reinforcement Note: higher ratios generate higher response rates Fixed-interval (FI): Lower resistance to extinction Long pause after reinforcement yields “scalloping effect” Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Variable- Ratio (VR): Higher resistance to extinction High, steady rate without pauses Note: Higher ratios generate higher response rates Variable-Interval (VI): Higher resistance to extinction Low, steady rate without pauses Note: Shorter intervals generate higher rates overall Time

25. Conclusion: Faster responding leads to reinforcement sooner when ratio is in effect Variable schedules tend to generate steadier response rates –Greater resistance to extinction

26. Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement Study hint – THEY BOTH HAVE THE WORD REINFORCEMENT IN IT – IT’S ABOUT REINFORCEMENT

27. Positive reinforcement: response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus –Ex: good grades, tasty meals, paychecks, scholarship, promotions, nice clothes, attention, flattery

28. Negative Reinforcement: occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an averse stimulus –ex: you rush home in winter to get out of the cold, you clean a house to get rid of a mess, you give in to an argument to avoid an unpleasant situation

29. REINFORCEMENT IS REINFORCEMENT Both positive and negative reinforcement involve a favorable outcome that STRENGTHENS a response tendency

30. Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement in a Skinner Box + - Behavior Consequence Response: Press lever Rewarding stimulus presented: food delivered Aversive Stimulus removed: shock turned off Tendency to press lever increases

31. Negative reinforcement applications 1. Escape learning: organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation –Ex: you leave a party where you were getting picked on by peers

32. 2. Avoidance learning: organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring –Ex: you quit going to parties because of your concern about being picked on

33. How does avoidance learning present an example of how classical conditioning and operant conditioning work together to regulate behavior? Ex: Rat, shuttle box, shock

34. Punishment: Consequences that weaken responses Punishment: occurs when event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response –Super easy to mix-up –How is this different from negative reinforcement?

35. Positive Vs. Negative Punishment POSITIVE punishment – adding aversive stimulus –Spanking, parking tickets NEGATIVE punishment – taking away aversive stimulus –Time out, revoking driver’s license

36. Punishment examples: 1)If you wear a new outfit and your classmates make fun of it, your behavior will have been punished and your tendency to wear the same clothing will probably decline. 2) If you have a bad meal and a restaurant, your response will have been punished, and you will be less likely to go to the restaurant again.