1. Environmental Science Chapter 13 Review Chlorofluorocarbons – compounds that contain chlorine, & cause ozone destruction in upper atm. Climate – described by cool summers, cold winters, with lots of snow, about 75cm of precip/yr. Climate models – complex sets of equations relating concentrations of atmospheric gases, winds, and many other variables.

2. Environmental Science Chapter 13 Review El Nino – elevated water temperature in the eastern Pacific Ocean that causes increased rainfall in southern part of the US. Global warming – a predicted increase in Earth’s ave. temp, caused by release of gases such as carbon dioxide, through human activities. Greenhouse gases – gases such as carbon dioxide, CFCs, methane, and nitrous oxide.

3. Environmental Science Chapter 13 Review Kyoto Protocol – international agreement that seeks to limit CO 2 emissions from dev. Countries. La Nina – lowered water temperature in the eastern Pacific Ocean that affects global weather patterns. Latitude – has a strong effect on climate due to the tilt of Earth’s axis.

4. Environmental Science Chapter 13 Review Weather – hot and sunny today with a temperature of 88 0 F at 11 a.m. Warm air is able to hold more water vapor than the same volume of cold air. Mountain ranges affect climate by - lower temperatures at higher elevations - coastal side usually has high levels of rain - inland side is often a desert

5. Environmental Science Chapter 13 Review It takes 10 to 20 years for CFCs released at Earth’s surface to reach the stratosphere. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have increased over all since 1958, also have seasonal fluctuations. A rise in global temperatures -Increase in major storms -Increase frequency of major droughts

6. Environmental Science Chapter 13 Review Greenhouse – sunlight passes through the glass, is absorbed by dark surfaces, and is converted to heat which cannot pass easily through glass. Heat builds up inside the greenhouse. Global warming – sea levels will rise due to melting ice in Arctic & Antarctica, increasing the amount of water in the oceans.

7. Environmental Science Chapter 13 Review Ozone (O 3 ) absorbs UV light from the sun. If ozone levels drop – - increased incidence of skin cancer - premature aging of the skin - cataracts - damage to marine life, ocean food chains - damage to land plants

8. Environmental Science Chapter 13 Review Ozone is very reactive -At Earth’s surface, smog breaks it down -Combines with other substances before it can rise to the stratosphere to replace the ozone being destroyed there by CFCs. Essay 1- how can global warming be reduced by protecting tropical rain forests? 2- explain why lush, healthy vegetation is critical for balancing the temperature of the Earth?