1. Atmosphere and Climate Change Chapter 13

2. Essential Questions What is a climate and what naturally promotes climate change? What is a climate and what naturally promotes climate change? What is the importance of our Ozone Shield? What is the importance of our Ozone Shield? What is global warming and how can we stop it? What is global warming and how can we stop it? What is a climate and what naturally promotes climate change? What is a climate and what naturally promotes climate change? What is the importance of our Ozone Shield? What is the importance of our Ozone Shield? What is global warming and how can we stop it? What is global warming and how can we stop it?

3. Climate The long-term prevailing weather conditions at a particular place based upon records taken The long-term prevailing weather conditions at a particular place based upon records taken

4. What factors determine a climate? Latitude Latitude Atmospheric circulation patterns Atmospheric circulation patterns Oceanic circulation patterns Oceanic circulation patterns Local geography Local geography Solar activity Solar activity Volcanic activity Volcanic activity Latitude Latitude Atmospheric circulation patterns Atmospheric circulation patterns Oceanic circulation patterns Oceanic circulation patterns Local geography Local geography Solar activity Solar activity Volcanic activity Volcanic activity

5. Latitude Degrees North of South of the equator Degrees North of South of the equator Equator is 0 Equator is 0 North Pole is 90 North North Pole is 90 North South Pole is 90 South South Pole is 90 South Degrees North of South of the equator Degrees North of South of the equator Equator is 0 Equator is 0 North Pole is 90 North North Pole is 90 North South Pole is 90 South South Pole is 90 South

6. Low Latitudes Day and night average 12 hours each every day Day and night average 12 hours each every day Always warm temperature Always warm temperature Day and night average 12 hours each every day Day and night average 12 hours each every day Always warm temperature Always warm temperature

7. Equatorial Regions Vertical Sunlight Vertical Sunlight

8. High Latitudes Changes daylight because sun hits at angles Changes daylight because sun hits at angles As much as 16 hours of daylight during summer and only 8 hours of daylight during the winter As much as 16 hours of daylight during summer and only 8 hours of daylight during the winter In the poles, it may be daylight out for 23 hours In the poles, it may be daylight out for 23 hours Changes daylight because sun hits at angles Changes daylight because sun hits at angles As much as 16 hours of daylight during summer and only 8 hours of daylight during the winter As much as 16 hours of daylight during summer and only 8 hours of daylight during the winter In the poles, it may be daylight out for 23 hours In the poles, it may be daylight out for 23 hours

9. Atmospheric Circulation Cold air sinks Cold air sinks Warm air rises Warm air rises Warm air can hold more water vapor Warm air can hold more water vapor When warm air holding water vapor cools, it produces precipitation When warm air holding water vapor cools, it produces precipitation Cold air sinks Cold air sinks Warm air rises Warm air rises Warm air can hold more water vapor Warm air can hold more water vapor When warm air holding water vapor cools, it produces precipitation When warm air holding water vapor cools, it produces precipitation

10. Wind As solar energy heats the earth, warm air rises As solar energy heats the earth, warm air rises Cool air fills in the voids Cool air fills in the voids This movement of air produces wind This movement of air produces wind Because there are different temperatures at different latitudes, winds blow in different directions Because there are different temperatures at different latitudes, winds blow in different directions As solar energy heats the earth, warm air rises As solar energy heats the earth, warm air rises Cool air fills in the voids Cool air fills in the voids This movement of air produces wind This movement of air produces wind Because there are different temperatures at different latitudes, winds blow in different directions Because there are different temperatures at different latitudes, winds blow in different directions

11. Prevailing Winds Winds that blow in one direction throughout the year Winds that blow in one direction throughout the year Trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies Trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies Winds that blow in one direction throughout the year Winds that blow in one direction throughout the year Trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies Trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies

12. Surface Ocean Currents Caused by wind and influenced by Earth’s rotation Caused by wind and influenced by Earth’s rotation Not all ocean currents, just surface ocean currents Not all ocean currents, just surface ocean currents Caused by wind and influenced by Earth’s rotation Caused by wind and influenced by Earth’s rotation Not all ocean currents, just surface ocean currents Not all ocean currents, just surface ocean currents

13. El Nino The name given to the short-term periodic change in the location of warm and cold water masses in the Pacific Ocean The name given to the short-term periodic change in the location of warm and cold water masses in the Pacific Ocean Generally over a 6 - 18 month period Generally over a 6 - 18 month period Pushes warm water eastward, increasing rain in Southern US and Central America Pushes warm water eastward, increasing rain in Southern US and Central America Winds push warm water eastward in the Pacific Ocean Winds push warm water eastward in the Pacific Ocean The name given to the short-term periodic change in the location of warm and cold water masses in the Pacific Ocean The name given to the short-term periodic change in the location of warm and cold water masses in the Pacific Ocean Generally over a 6 - 18 month period Generally over a 6 - 18 month period Pushes warm water eastward, increasing rain in Southern US and Central America Pushes warm water eastward, increasing rain in Southern US and Central America Winds push warm water eastward in the Pacific Ocean Winds push warm water eastward in the Pacific Ocean

14. La Nina The second half of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle The second half of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle Water is cooler than usual in the eastern Pacific Ocean Water is cooler than usual in the eastern Pacific Ocean The second half of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle The second half of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle Water is cooler than usual in the eastern Pacific Ocean Water is cooler than usual in the eastern Pacific Ocean

15. Topography Mount Kilimanjaro is located at 4 latitude Mount Kilimanjaro is located at 4 latitude How does it have snow on the top? How does it have snow on the top? Mount Kilimanjaro is located at 4 latitude Mount Kilimanjaro is located at 4 latitude How does it have snow on the top? How does it have snow on the top?

16. Volcanoes How can volcanoes impact the atmosphere? How can volcanoes impact the atmosphere?

17. Ozone Layer An area in the stratosphere where ozone is highly concentrated An area in the stratosphere where ozone is highly concentrated Molecule made of 3 Oxygen atoms Molecule made of 3 Oxygen atoms Absorbs ultraviolet light Absorbs ultraviolet light An area in the stratosphere where ozone is highly concentrated An area in the stratosphere where ozone is highly concentrated Molecule made of 3 Oxygen atoms Molecule made of 3 Oxygen atoms Absorbs ultraviolet light Absorbs ultraviolet light

18. DNA Damage Result of high UV radiation at Earth’s surface Result of high UV radiation at Earth’s surface

19. CFC’s Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) Chemically unstable in stratosphere Chemically unstable in stratosphere One chlorine can destroy 10,000 ozone molecules One chlorine can destroy 10,000 ozone molecules Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) Chemically unstable in stratosphere Chemically unstable in stratosphere One chlorine can destroy 10,000 ozone molecules One chlorine can destroy 10,000 ozone molecules

20. Ozone Hole A thinning stratospheric ozone that occurs over the poles in the spring A thinning stratospheric ozone that occurs over the poles in the spring 50 - 98% disappears 50 - 98% disappears During Spring, warm winds bring heat to poles During Spring, warm winds bring heat to poles Splits chlorine molecules and creates hole Splits chlorine molecules and creates hole A thinning stratospheric ozone that occurs over the poles in the spring A thinning stratospheric ozone that occurs over the poles in the spring 50 - 98% disappears 50 - 98% disappears During Spring, warm winds bring heat to poles During Spring, warm winds bring heat to poles Splits chlorine molecules and creates hole Splits chlorine molecules and creates hole

21. Ozone Molecules Decomposed by chlorine atoms Decomposed by chlorine atoms

22. Effects on Humans Skin Cancer Skin Cancer Premature Aging Premature Aging Increased Cataracts Increased Cataracts Weakened Immune System Weakened Immune System Skin Cancer Skin Cancer Premature Aging Premature Aging Increased Cataracts Increased Cataracts Weakened Immune System Weakened Immune System

23. Effects on Animals and Plants Death of eggs Death of eggs Genetic mutations Genetic mutations Reduction of populations Reduction of populations Death of phytoplankton Death of phytoplankton Disruption of food chain Disruption of food chain Reduction in photosynthesizes Reduction in photosynthesizes Interference with photosynthesis Interference with photosynthesis Reduced crop yields Reduced crop yields Death of eggs Death of eggs Genetic mutations Genetic mutations Reduction of populations Reduction of populations Death of phytoplankton Death of phytoplankton Disruption of food chain Disruption of food chain Reduction in photosynthesizes Reduction in photosynthesizes Interference with photosynthesis Interference with photosynthesis Reduced crop yields Reduced crop yields

24. Montreal Protocol An agreement to sharply reduce CFC’s An agreement to sharply reduce CFC’s International limits on CFC production to protect the ozone layer International limits on CFC production to protect the ozone layer US pledged to ban all substances by 2000…..Its 2009 US pledged to ban all substances by 2000…..Its 2009 CFC’s remain in atmosphere for 60 - 120 years, still destroying the ozone CFC’s remain in atmosphere for 60 - 120 years, still destroying the ozone An agreement to sharply reduce CFC’s An agreement to sharply reduce CFC’s International limits on CFC production to protect the ozone layer International limits on CFC production to protect the ozone layer US pledged to ban all substances by 2000…..Its 2009 US pledged to ban all substances by 2000…..Its 2009 CFC’s remain in atmosphere for 60 - 120 years, still destroying the ozone CFC’s remain in atmosphere for 60 - 120 years, still destroying the ozone

25. Greenhouse Effect Think about your car during the summer Think about your car during the summer Light energy gets into your car through windows, heating it up Light energy gets into your car through windows, heating it up Greenhouse use this principle, trapping the sun’s energy Greenhouse use this principle, trapping the sun’s energy A process by which the atmosphere traps heat radiate up from the Earth’s surface A process by which the atmosphere traps heat radiate up from the Earth’s surface Think about your car during the summer Think about your car during the summer Light energy gets into your car through windows, heating it up Light energy gets into your car through windows, heating it up Greenhouse use this principle, trapping the sun’s energy Greenhouse use this principle, trapping the sun’s energy A process by which the atmosphere traps heat radiate up from the Earth’s surface A process by which the atmosphere traps heat radiate up from the Earth’s surface

26. Greenhouse Gases Gases in the troposphere that can absorb and radiate heat Gases in the troposphere that can absorb and radiate heat Water, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide Water, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide account for the majority Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide account for the majority Gases in the troposphere that can absorb and radiate heat Gases in the troposphere that can absorb and radiate heat Water, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide Water, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide account for the majority Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide account for the majority

27. What if we release more CO2? We release carbon dioxide every time we burn fuel, either in our cars, power plants, generators, any time We release carbon dioxide every time we burn fuel, either in our cars, power plants, generators, any time More CO2 in the atmosphere means that more heat can be trapped More CO2 in the atmosphere means that more heat can be trapped More trapped heat leads to greater global temperatures More trapped heat leads to greater global temperatures That’s just taking into consideration CO2 That’s just taking into consideration CO2 We release carbon dioxide every time we burn fuel, either in our cars, power plants, generators, any time We release carbon dioxide every time we burn fuel, either in our cars, power plants, generators, any time More CO2 in the atmosphere means that more heat can be trapped More CO2 in the atmosphere means that more heat can be trapped More trapped heat leads to greater global temperatures More trapped heat leads to greater global temperatures That’s just taking into consideration CO2 That’s just taking into consideration CO2

28. CO2 A greenhouse gas added to the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned A greenhouse gas added to the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned

29. Is Global Warming a Reality? Is this just a naturally occurring cycle? Is this just a naturally occurring cycle?

30. Consequences of a warmer Earth? Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels Global Weather Patterns Global Weather Patterns Human Health Problems Human Health Problems Agriculture Agriculture Effects on Plants and Animals Effects on Plants and Animals Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels Global Weather Patterns Global Weather Patterns Human Health Problems Human Health Problems Agriculture Agriculture Effects on Plants and Animals Effects on Plants and Animals

31. Kyoto Protocol Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5% by 2011 Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5% by 2011 The US decided not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 The US decided not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5% by 2011 Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5% by 2011 The US decided not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 The US decided not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001

32. Slowing Global Warming Requires global unified effort Requires global unified effort Compromised by economics, politics, and social factors Compromised by economics, politics, and social factors Big difficulties between developed and developing countries Big difficulties between developed and developing countries Requires global unified effort Requires global unified effort Compromised by economics, politics, and social factors Compromised by economics, politics, and social factors Big difficulties between developed and developing countries Big difficulties between developed and developing countries

33. Weather is a region’s: Weather is a region’s: Atmospheric conditions on a given day Atmospheric conditions on a given day Weather is a region’s: Weather is a region’s: Atmospheric conditions on a given day Atmospheric conditions on a given day

34. As cold air sinks: As cold air sinks: It compresses and warms It compresses and warms As cold air sinks: As cold air sinks: It compresses and warms It compresses and warms

35. Elevation is a factor in climate because under most conditions: Elevation is a factor in climate because under most conditions: Temperature falls as elevation increases Temperature falls as elevation increases Elevation is a factor in climate because under most conditions: Elevation is a factor in climate because under most conditions: Temperature falls as elevation increases Temperature falls as elevation increases

36. Seasonal changes in daylight hours and climatic conditions are caused by: Seasonal changes in daylight hours and climatic conditions are caused by: The 23.5 tilt of Earth’s axis The 23.5 tilt of Earth’s axis Seasonal changes in daylight hours and climatic conditions are caused by: Seasonal changes in daylight hours and climatic conditions are caused by: The 23.5 tilt of Earth’s axis The 23.5 tilt of Earth’s axis

37. The ozone layer protects living organisms on Earth by: The ozone layer protects living organisms on Earth by: Blocking solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation Blocking solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation The ozone layer protects living organisms on Earth by: The ozone layer protects living organisms on Earth by: Blocking solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation Blocking solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation

38. Ozone holes appear in polar regions during springtime when ozone- destroying: Ozone holes appear in polar regions during springtime when ozone- destroying: Chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric clouds Chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric clouds Ozone holes appear in polar regions during springtime when ozone- destroying: Ozone holes appear in polar regions during springtime when ozone- destroying: Chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric clouds Chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric clouds

39. Though CFC production has been curtailed, the threat to upper atmospheric ozone continues because CFC’s Though CFC production has been curtailed, the threat to upper atmospheric ozone continues because CFC’s Persist and continue to destroy ozone for decades Persist and continue to destroy ozone for decades Though CFC production has been curtailed, the threat to upper atmospheric ozone continues because CFC’s Though CFC production has been curtailed, the threat to upper atmospheric ozone continues because CFC’s Persist and continue to destroy ozone for decades Persist and continue to destroy ozone for decades

40. Which of the following does not reduce CO2 in the atmosphere? Which of the following does not reduce CO2 in the atmosphere? Animal respiration Animal respiration Which of the following does not reduce CO2 in the atmosphere? Which of the following does not reduce CO2 in the atmosphere? Animal respiration Animal respiration

41. A continuous record of annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals: A continuous record of annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals: A steady increase since 1958 A steady increase since 1958 A continuous record of annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals: A continuous record of annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals: A steady increase since 1958 A steady increase since 1958

42. Which of the following would not be a consequence of a rise in global temperature? Which of the following would not be a consequence of a rise in global temperature? Increase polar ice mass Increase polar ice mass Which of the following would not be a consequence of a rise in global temperature? Which of the following would not be a consequence of a rise in global temperature? Increase polar ice mass Increase polar ice mass