1. Global Warming Ch. 13 Section 3

2. Sunlight enters Earth’s atmosphere Earth’s surface radiates heat back to the atmosphere – Some heat escapes – Some heat is trapped by Greenhouse Gases Ex: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide Trapped heat radiated back to Earth’s surface, warming the air. Without this Earth would be too cold to live on However, too many greenhouse gases can trap too much heat. Greenhouse Effect

5. Greenhouse Gases - gases that absorb and radiate heat Water vapor Carbon Dioxide CFC’s Methane Nitrous oxide Water vapor and CO 2 absorb the most heat in the atmosphere

6. CO 2 Most is absorbed by the ocean or used by plants during Photosynthesis Therefore, CO 2 levels fluctuate with the season – Summer = less CO 2 ---------------------------------------------- – Winter = more CO 2 ------------------------------------------------ WHY???

7. CO 2 Levels There has been a significant rise in CO 2 in the atmosphere in the last 50 years due to burning fossil fuels

8. Ice Core Samples Can determine the levels of CO 2 in the atmosphere thousands of years ago

9. CO 2 and Temperature Because CO 2 holds more heat than other gases in the atmosphere, scientists think that more CO 2 means greater global temperatures Therefore… Burning = more CO 2 = Higher temps.

11. Temp. and CO 2 Levels

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14. Consequences of Global Warming Birds nesting earlier Flowering earlier – more allergies Change weather patters – Droughts and flooding – More hurricanes and typhoons Rising sea level – Flooding of coastal areas – Erosion of beaches – Increase in salinity in aquifers More mosquitoes that carry diseases

15. Agriculture – Most severely effected – Decreased crop yield – Could need more irrigation Animals – Shift their geographical range – Reduce the number of zooplankton Consequences of Global Warming

16. IPCC International Panel on Climate Change – Average global temp. increased by 0.6 o C last century – Snow cover and ice have decreased – Global sea level has risen

17. Kyoto Protocol 1997, 160 countries Requires countries to reduce CO 2 and other greenhouse gas emissions by 5% by 2012 We did sign, then Bush unsigned us 

18. Ch. 13

19. Section 1 Objectives Explain the difference between weather and climate. Identify four factors that determine climate. Explain why different parts of the Earth have different climates. Explain what causes the seasons

20. Weather vs. Climate Weather – what is happening right at that moment – It is cloudy and raining outside Climate – the average weather over a long period of time – We live in a hot, dry area

21. Latitude - distance north or south from the equator Determines what type of climate an area has The further from the equator the ________ the temperature.

22. Latitude Daylight hours depend on your latitude – Equator = 12 day and 12 night – Close to the poles = all day or all night part of the year

23. Atmospheric Circulation Warm air rises Cold air sinks Warm air hold more water vapor When it cools the water vapor condenses into precipitation

24. El Nino When warm and cold water masses change location in the Pacific Ocean for a short time Causes increased rainfall in the southern US, but causes droughts in Indonesia and Australia La Nina – exact opposite Pacific Decadal Oscillation – a long term El Nino

25. Topography influences on climate Topography is the shape of the earth’s surface As elevation increases temperature drops

26. Solar Maximum and Volcanoes Solar Maximum – sun emits more ultraviolet radiation, warming the earth Vocanoes – dust and such can block out some of the sun cooling the earth

27. Seasonal Climate Change Seasons change due to the tilting of earth as it goes around the sun.

28. Section 2 Objectives Explain why Earth’s atmosphere is like the glass in a greenhouse. Explain why carbon dioxide in the atmosphere appears to be increasing. Explain why many scientists think that the Earth’s climate may be becoming increasingly warmer. Describe what a warmer Earth might be like.

29. Ozone layer - are where ozone (three oxygen atoms) is concentrated in the stratosphere Act like sunscreen for the earth Block out UV rays that harm genetic material

30. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) The miracle chemical 1970’s they were used for – Coolants – Deodarants – Hairspray, etc. However, at high elevations CFC’s break apart and the parts destroy and combine with ozone molecules 1 CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules

32. The Hole First reported in 1985 over the South pole – Ozone had shrunk by 50 – 98% – Why over south pole?

33. How it effects humans Worse sunburns More eye cataracts Immune system repression (UV-B) More skin cancer

34. Montreal Protocol - 1987 Representative of 36 Nations Reduce CFC emissions (only) by 35% between 1989 – 2000 Now signed by 177 countries Global Cooperation Does Work!!!

35. Differences between Global Warming and Ozone depletion Different type of radiation: – Infrared vs. Ultraviolet Different effect: – earth warming vs. health problems

36. Ozone depletion does not cause global warming directly But, it can effect oceans uptake of CO 2 Do not confuse them

37. Skin Cancer Let’s take a skin cancer quiz!!!

38. Skin cancer comes in many shapes and sizes Things to watch for – Shiny or waxy lump – Firm red lumps – Lump that bleeds and does not heal – Itchy red spot that might be tender (not eczema)

39. Overt eyes if squeamish

40. Squamous cell upper skin layer, caused by sunlight and tanning beds, usually curable if treated early, but it can metastasize

41. Basal cell deeper layer of skin, most common form, usually caused by sun and tanning lamps,

42. Malignant melanoma Worst kind! ABCDE rule – A = asymmetry – B = borders – C = color – D = diameter, over 5mm – E = elevation

43. Risk factors Skin type Sun/tanning exposure Freckles Family History

44. How to prevent it Sunscreen Wear hats Take vitamins (folic acid) Eat vegetables Drink Green Tea Eat Fish Eat whole grains