1. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 02Theories of Personality Development

2. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Personality Defined An enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about oneself and the environment that is demonstrated in our social and interpersonal relationships Thoughts, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors Humanistic theories of personality development –View the person as a whole

3. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Personality Traits Central traits –General, prominent features –Example: quiet, friendly, assertive Secondary traits –May surface in some situations –Example: quick temper, easily excited

4. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Individual Needs and Behavior Maslow’s hierarchy –Physiologic needs—first level –Comfort, safety, stability, security –Love and belonging –Self-respect, confidence in oneself –Self-actualization, growth, fulfillment Cannot move to a higher level until previous level needs are satisfied

5. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Individual Needs and Behavior (Cont.) William Glasser—four basic needs –Love and belonging –Power and control –Freedom and choice –Fun

6. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Temperament Variances in character –How one thinks, reacts, behaves –Intensity and extent of feelings Innate aspect of developing personality and influences our interpersonal relationships Theories developed to understand change and growth

7. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Freud’s Theory of Personality Founder of psychoanalytic theory Role of the unconscious –Conscious – present awareness –Preconscious – below current awareness but easily retrieved –Unconscious Personality components –Id – pleasure principle –Ego – conscious self, develops wishes and demands –Superego – conscience, controls impulses

8. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Personality Components Id – I want a piece of chocolate cake. –Pleasure principle Superego – There are too many calories in that cake. –Controls impulses Ego – Be satisfied with a small piece. –Develops wishes/demands

9. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Defense MechanismsFreud Need for ego to remain in control –Resolves conflicts between the id and superego Protect from anxiety and awareness of internal and external stressors Mostly at unconscious level May be adaptive or maladaptive Help us to justify our behavior in a logical way to retain self-respect Ego Defense Mechanisms (Freud) –Pg. 25 Table 2.1

10. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sullivan’s Theory of Interpersonal Development Nurses in the mental health setting develop therapeutic relationships with clients in an attempt to help them develop the skills to interact successfully with others. Behavior and personality direct the result of interpersonal relationships Anxiety—the result of unmet needs and interpersonal dissatisfaction Concept of self –Good-me – develops in response to pos. feedback –Bad-me – response to criticsm –Not-me – intense anxiety or dread

11. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Stages of DevelopmentSullivan Infancy—oral satisfaction of needs Childhood—delay personal gratification Juvenile—relationships with the peer group Preadolescent—interactions with the same sex Early adolescence—relationships with the opposite sex Late adolescence—meaningful long-term relationships

12. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Case Application 2.2 “Defeated” Page 31

13. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Bowen’s Family Systems Theory People are able to change behaviors based on awareness of the impact that present and past family patterns/behaviors have on the choices one makes Family relationship dynamics key to understanding current behaviors People are able to predict their own patterns of response based on awareness of the dynamics that are evident in the family system

14. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question An enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about oneself and the environment is A. A defense mechanism B. Behavior C. The pseudoself D. Personality

15. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer D. Personality Rationale: Personality is a combination of characteristic patterns of our perceptions about, our relation to, and our thoughts about ourselves and the world in which we exist.

16. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Who among the following people theorized about a hierarchy of innate needs that range from basic survival requirements to a desire for self-fulfillment? A. Erikson B. Maslow C. Peplau D. Piaget

17. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer B. Maslow Rationale: Abraham Maslow defined human needs with a hierarchy. Physical needs form the first level, and other needs form higher levels. He believed that people must satisfy their basic needs before they are able to seek things such as self-actualization.

18. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Which of the following terms is not a component of personality according to Freud? A. Solid self B. Id C. Superego D. Ego

19. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer A. Solid self Rationale: The solid self is not a part of Freud’s theories. Freud believed that personality was made up of three parts—the id, superego, and ego. The solid self is a component of Bowen’s Family Systems theory. It refers to the behavior based on internal convictions and principles.

20. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins