1. The Muslim World The Rise of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Muslim Culture

2. Geography of Arabia Crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe Location made trade a huge part of life for the people of Arabia Oceans and seas AND land trade through caravan routes and the silk roads Climate- deserts, Bedouins (nomads), clans, farming communities in oases- farming and market towns

4. Mecca Arabia’s most important city Religion- location of the Kaaba The Kaaba was an ancient shrine that held and honored many idols to the gods- many people visited the Kaaba to pay their respects to these gods Commerce- being located on the Red Sea and land trade routes made this a major trade city

5. The Kaaba

6. The Prophet Muhammad Birth- Mecca- orphaned at age 6, raised by grandfather and uncle with little education Young man- worked on the caravan routes- married an older business woman, Khadijah Revelations- a voice, he believed was Gabrielle, said Allah was the only true god and Muhammad was the last of his prophets

7. Terms to Know Islam: submission to the will of Allah Muslim: one who has submitted- or the followers of Islam Allah: the one and only true God

8. Early Hostility 613- preaching belief in one god Leaders in Mecca feared he would lead to the neglect of the other gods Why would this be a problem? People would stop traveling to the city to pay homage to the idols in the Kaaba- economically motivated!

9. The Hijrah After attacks on Muhammad’s followers he decided to leave Mecca Traveled to a city 200 miles north Renamed the city Medina Gathered a large number of followers Became a military and political leader Returned to Mecca

10. Muhammad’s Return 630- 10,000 man army marched to Mecca Destroyed the idols in the Kaaba Took over the city and established it as an Islamic center as many citizens converted Lived 2 more years and began unification of the Arabian Peninsula

11. Basic Beliefs of Islam There is one God. There is good and evil Each person is responsible for his/her actions

12. Five Pillars of Faith Faith- one God, Allah, Muhammad is his messenger Prayer- 5 times each day toward Mecca Alms- religious tax to benefit the poor, Muslims must support the less fortunate Fasting- reminder that spiritual needs are more important than physical…. No eating during daylight hours for the month of Ramadan Pilgrimage (hajj)- all Muslims should visit the holy city of Mecca- all wear the same garments to signify equality before Allah

13. The Hajj During Ramadan

14. Other Customs, Morals and Laws of the Muslims No eating pork or drinking alcohol Communal worship on Friday afternoons at a Mosque No priests, Muslims worship Allah directly

15. Islamic Authority Ulama- scholars who relate Islam to Quran- holy book- written in Arabic- the only true language of Islam- and is the FINAL words of Allah Sunna- Muhammad’s example or model for proper living Shari’a- body of law the regulates family life, moral conduct, business and community relations

16. Links to Christianity and Judaism Allah is the same as their God Jesus= prophet, not the Son of God All believe in The Ten Commandments, Heaven and Hell and final judgment All trace their ancestry to Abraham Jews and Christians are called “people of the book” Islamic law requires Muslims to extend religious tolerance to them

17. The Spread of Islam Caliph- successor or deputy Caliphate- rule of a Caliph Abu-Bakr was the first following Muhammad’s death “Rightly guided Caliphs” were those who knew Muhammad and followed the Quran

18. The Jihad As many tribes abandoned Islam following Muhammad’s death, they refused to pay tribute The jihad (means striving) was instituted to justify the spread of Islam An inner struggle against evil An armed struggle against non-believers

19. Success of the “Rightly Guided Caliphs” Well disciplined and trained armies Byzantine empire was weak due to centuries of conflict Persecution of those who did not accept Christianity or Zoroastrianism

20. Islam’s Attraction Equality and hope in this world Muslims did not have to pay a poll tax (for non-Muslims) Allowed conquered people to practice their religion Christians and Jews had special treatment as “People of the Book”

21. A Crisis of Internal Conflict Several successors of Muhammad were assassinated and the elective system of choosing the Caliph was lost The Umayyads took over Moved the capital to Damascus Muslims of Arab descent were angered Umayyads surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony- things not associated with Muhammad

22. 3 Muslim Groups Emerge Shi’a- “Party of Ali” Sunni- followers of Muhammad’s example Sufi- rejected the wealth and luxury of the Umayyad and lived a simple life of poverty and devotion The Shi’a outwardly resisted the Umayyad rule and believe Caliphs must be descendent of Muhammad

23. The Abbasid Caliphate Around 750 the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads Moved the capital to Baghdad Developed a bureaucracy A treasury kept track of money flow Taxed land, imports, exports, and non- Muslims’ wealth Did not keep complete political control of the empire, so other Caliphates spread

24. The Muslim Trade Network Sea trade= Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean Land trade= Silk Roads Language of trade= Arabic, money was the Abbasid Dinar Set up bands and letters of credit called sakk (Checks)

25. Muslim Class Society Upper= Muslims from births Second= converts to Islam Third= Protected people (monotheistic believers) Fourth= slaves (non-Muslim prisoners of war only) There are no priests b/c Muslims pray directly to Allah

26. House of Wisdom = Learning Center for Islam Books translated into Arabic- helped preserve European culture Al Razi- physician who wrote a Comprehensive Book (medical encyclopedia) Science= observation and experimentation to solve problems Math is the basis of all knowledge “al jabr” Astronomy- book, Optics- revolutionized ideas about vision and led to the development of telescopes and microscopes

27. Muslim Art and Archetecture Only Allah can create life images, so pictures are discouraged in art Woodwork, glass, ceramics and calligraphy flourished Architecture is the greatest example of cultural blending between Muslims, Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines

28. Ornate arches frame the doors of the Koutoubia, Marrakech, Morocco's oldest mosque. Completed in the 12th century, the Koutoubia served as a model for other mosques in the Muslim world.

29. Mosaic and Caligraphy

30. The Sharia Governs Muslim Life System of law Regulates family life, moral conduct, business and community life Forbidden to eat pork or drink alcoholic beverages

31. Role of Women in Muslim Society Had more economic and property rights than other cultures of the time Equal to men as BELIEVERS, but Islam teaches they be obedient and submissive Today some Muslim cultures limit women’s rights (Iraq and Afghanistan are examples)

32. Two Worlds of Muslim Women