1. AP World History

3.  “Fertile Crescent”ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY  Tigris and Euphrates River  Little rain, but floods provided for rich soil  Need for water supply led to irrigation system (and an organized government)  Around 3000 BCE

4.  “Gift of the Nile”  Regular floods  Red Land Vs. Black Land  Upper and Lower Egypt  Natural barriers offered protection from invasion  Lots of natural resources

5.  Indus River floods twice a year  Two crops a year instead of one

8.  900 – 250 BCE  In modern day Peru (Andean region)  Domesticated Llamas  Large capital city  Began metallurgy (silver, gold)

9.  Central America (modern Guatemala)  1200-400 BCE  Large agricultural and fishing industry  Giant heads  Laid out cities in alignment with the stars  Merchants trade obsidian, jade, and pottery

10. A. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support, and who was supported by the religious hierarchy and professional warriors.

11.  1 st organized civilization  5000 BCE-2000 BCE  City-states  Inter-dependant  Agricultural areas plus the City  Built ziggurats and irrigation system  Political power held by  Temples Landholders Held power before royalty  Palaces “lugal”

12.  Central administration in the capital  Changed with the different kingdoms  Bureaucracies  Kept track of land, people, taxes, and labor  Collected goods for the capital, temples, and to construct monuments  If central power was strong, bureaucrats were chosen by merit  If central powers were weak, the offices became hereditary as they gained more autonomous power

13.  2700 to 2200 BCE  Menes combined upper and lower Egypt to create an Empire ruled by dynasties  Pharaoh was seen as a god  Absolute power  Bureaucracy developed  Vizier was Pharaoh’s representative  42 Departments w/ governors for each

14.  2050 to 1652 B.C.E  Image of Pharaoh changed from impersonal god-like figure to someone who was a protector of the people  Egypt expanded  Developed vast trade  New public works projects  Wall of Princes and a pyramid for every Pharaoh was built  Drainage to get more farmland

15.  1500-1750 BCE  Conflict arose between the priests and the Pharaoh  Pharaoh Akhenaton attempted to create monotheism with his wife Nefertiti ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

16.  Gov’t system is unclear because the written language is not deciphered

17.  Longshan culture first to build walls  Towns and cities began to include non- farmers  Began to make silk  First dynasty called Xia  Possibly a mythical dynasty  Emperors of this dynasty had hero characteristics

18.  Around the Yellow River Valley, but claimed vassals in the west  Kept slaves (war captives)  Accurate calendar for farming purposes  Advanced astronomy and geometry  Food surplus  Specialization  Horse carriages  Compound bow

20. B. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated — including the Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. C. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia and Babylonia — Sumerians, Akkadians and Babylonians — and Egypt and Nubia along the Nile Valley.

22.  Many city-states expanded outside their city center  They did not last long nor did they have a huge impact  Spread the worship of each cities’ main deity until the next city-state exapnded

23.  Lugal was able to break away from the temples and create his own palace  Political peak was under Sargon I from 2334–2279 BCE  Sargon claimed to be the son of La'ibum and a priestess of Ishtar  He worked in irrigation projects, which allowed him to manage many laborers  He conquered Mesopotamia and into the Mediterranean regions, where he erected statues of his victories  Spread the use of Akkadian language throughout the region  The Empire collapsed in 2154 BCE

25.  Akkadian speaking Semitic people group  Created a new empire out of old Akkadian lands  Hammurabi  Part of the Amorite Dynasty 1894–1595 BC  Created a taxation system, a bureaucracy, and a law code  Invaded what will become Persia and fought with Assyrians  There were a couple of other dynasties prior to next major Empire: the Assyrians

27.  Egyptian gained and lost control of Nubia throughout the different kingdoms  The interest was in gold  During the Midddle Kingdom, one of the dynasties had Nubian Pharaohs  The relationship was often one of cooperation

28. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons (such as compound bows or iron weapons) and modes of transportation (such as chariots or horseback riding) that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations.