1. Four Empires Of Mesopotamia

2. What happened to Sumer? Sumerians lived in many city- states They were not unified This left them vulnerable to attack Do you remember what Sumerian city-states fought about? Sumerians lived in many city- states They were not unified This left them vulnerable to attack Do you remember what Sumerian city-states fought about?

3. Akkadians 2300 BCE the Akkadians conquered Sumer. They developed the first empire, with Sargon as king Sargon used military techniques to conquer the city- states 2300 BCE the Akkadians conquered Sumer. They developed the first empire, with Sargon as king Sargon used military techniques to conquer the city- states

4. Akkadians Sargon did several things to ensure his empire flourished: –Destroyed city walls to discourage rebellion –Ensured city-state governors were loyal to him –Established his son as the next king –Utilized tributes Sargon did several things to ensure his empire flourished: –Destroyed city walls to discourage rebellion –Ensured city-state governors were loyal to him –Established his son as the next king –Utilized tributes

5. Akkadian Facts They spoke a Semitic language –A family of languages. Examples: Assyrian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Arabic and Hebrew Sargon ruled for 56 years His sons ruled after him. Naram-Sin was the most successful. They spoke a Semitic language –A family of languages. Examples: Assyrian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Arabic and Hebrew Sargon ruled for 56 years His sons ruled after him. Naram-Sin was the most successful.

6. Akkadian Facts Naram-Sin was the first Mesopotamian king to claim divinity. He was called “King of the Four Quarters” (The world!) They adapted cuneiform to the Semitic language They had skilled craftspeople who made three-dimensional relief sculptures called steles Naram-Sin was the first Mesopotamian king to claim divinity. He was called “King of the Four Quarters” (The world!) They adapted cuneiform to the Semitic language They had skilled craftspeople who made three-dimensional relief sculptures called steles

7. Akkadian Facts Agade was the capital of the empire. The vast empire grew weak and was gone by 2190 BCE The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years. The Sumerian city-states briefly reemerged after the Akkadians fell. Agade was the capital of the empire. The vast empire grew weak and was gone by 2190 BCE The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years. The Sumerian city-states briefly reemerged after the Akkadians fell.

8. Babylonian Empire Babylon was a small city-state in central Mesopotamia. Hammurabi was the ruler of Babylon. Hammurabi conquered Mesopotamia, bringing an end to the Sumerian political structure. Hammurabi named the new empire Babylonia, with Babylon as its capital. Babylon was a small city-state in central Mesopotamia. Hammurabi was the ruler of Babylon. Hammurabi conquered Mesopotamia, bringing an end to the Sumerian political structure. Hammurabi named the new empire Babylonia, with Babylon as its capital.

9. Babylonian Facts Babylonian empire began in 1792 BCE They spoke Akkadian (a Semitic language) Sumerian language died Hammurabi developed his code of laws Babylonians had an extensive trade system: traded grain and cloth for wood, gold silver, gems and livestock Babylonian empire began in 1792 BCE They spoke Akkadian (a Semitic language) Sumerian language died Hammurabi developed his code of laws Babylonians had an extensive trade system: traded grain and cloth for wood, gold silver, gems and livestock

10. Babylonian Facts Hammurabi ensured the irrigation systems worked, so food was plentiful Women had more rights than in other ancient cultures They utilized silver for payment, but not in coin form Hammurabi ensured the irrigation systems worked, so food was plentiful Women had more rights than in other ancient cultures They utilized silver for payment, but not in coin form

11. Babylonian Facts Babylonians made achievements in math They developed a system of math based on the number 60 (has many divisors) Thus, we have 60 second minutes, 60 minute hours, 360 degree circles (60 x 6) Had multiplication tables, square roots and reciprocals Had knowledge of pi and geometry Had a mile measurement (appx. 7 miles = 1 Babylonian mile) Babylonians made achievements in math They developed a system of math based on the number 60 (has many divisors) Thus, we have 60 second minutes, 60 minute hours, 360 degree circles (60 x 6) Had multiplication tables, square roots and reciprocals Had knowledge of pi and geometry Had a mile measurement (appx. 7 miles = 1 Babylonian mile)

12. Babylonian Demise After Hammurabi’s death, the Babylonian Empire became weak. The Babylonian Empire fell about 1600 BCE After Hammurabi’s death, the Babylonian Empire became weak. The Babylonian Empire fell about 1600 BCE

13. Hittite Invasion The Hittites moved into Mesopotamia and invaded Babylon in 1595 BCE Hittites were great metalworkers They were some of the first people to utilize iron for making weapons Iron weapons were stronger than their enemies’ bronze weapons. By 1200 BCE, iron replaced bronze This was the beginning of the “Iron Age” The Hittites moved into Mesopotamia and invaded Babylon in 1595 BCE Hittites were great metalworkers They were some of the first people to utilize iron for making weapons Iron weapons were stronger than their enemies’ bronze weapons. By 1200 BCE, iron replaced bronze This was the beginning of the “Iron Age”

14. Hittites Hittites were from Anatolia (Turkey) They had an expansive trade network Internal fighting weakened the Hittites and led to their demise Hittites were from Anatolia (Turkey) They had an expansive trade network Internal fighting weakened the Hittites and led to their demise

15. The Assyrian Empire Located on the upper Tigris This empire was built by conquering with fierce military strategy They used wealth of captured cities to expand their empire They would export conquered people to avoid coups Located on the upper Tigris This empire was built by conquering with fierce military strategy They used wealth of captured cities to expand their empire They would export conquered people to avoid coups

16. Assyrian Empire Nineveh and Ashur were capitals Ashur was named after the patron god of war They did not consider their kings to be divine They built aqueducts Assyria collapsed following the death of Ashurbanipal (627 BCE) Nineveh was sacked in 612 BCE Nineveh and Ashur were capitals Ashur was named after the patron god of war They did not consider their kings to be divine They built aqueducts Assyria collapsed following the death of Ashurbanipal (627 BCE) Nineveh was sacked in 612 BCE

17. Assyrian Warriors Nineveh was built to withstand invaders Outer city wall was 200 feet high and three chariots could ride side by side on top Assyrians would ask a city to surrender. If they did not, they utilized siege. Nineveh was built to withstand invaders Outer city wall was 200 feet high and three chariots could ride side by side on top Assyrians would ask a city to surrender. If they did not, they utilized siege.

18. Assyrian Warriors They were the first to use battering rams Their army used many techniques and weapons Army wasn’t strong enough to protect entire empire. Internal dissent and attacks weakened the empire. They were the first to use battering rams Their army used many techniques and weapons Army wasn’t strong enough to protect entire empire. Internal dissent and attacks weakened the empire.

19. Neo-Babylonian Empire After Nineveh fell, Babylonians rose to power again Nabopolassar was the first king of the empire His son, Nebuchadrezzar, was the most famous Neo- Babylonian king. After Nineveh fell, Babylonians rose to power again Nabopolassar was the first king of the empire His son, Nebuchadrezzar, was the most famous Neo- Babylonian king.

20. Neo-Babylonian Empire Nebuchadrezzar expanded the empire He conquered Syria and part of Canaan. He exported the Egyptians and Hebrews from their lands. He created gardens for his palace now know as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Nebuchadrezzar expanded the empire He conquered Syria and part of Canaan. He exported the Egyptians and Hebrews from their lands. He created gardens for his palace now know as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

21. Neo-Babylonians They created the first sundial The tower of babel is associated with Etemenaki, a ziggurat built by Nabopolassar The Neo-Babylonian empire lasted from 612-539 BCE They created the first sundial The tower of babel is associated with Etemenaki, a ziggurat built by Nabopolassar The Neo-Babylonian empire lasted from 612-539 BCE