1. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Chapter 7

2. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (intellectual development)  Piaget’s Sensorimotor developmental stage  Birth to age 2 years  Babies find out about the world by interacting with their environment  Babies become more “reflective” over time through exploration using movement and information acquired through senses

3. BIRTH TO 1 MONTH Substage 1  See chart, page127  Reflexes (random, involuntary actions) become more refined and organized

4. ONE TO FOUR MONTHS Substage 2  Primary circular reaction: learning to control own body Baby does not understand causality

5. FOUR TO EIGHT MONTHS Substage 3  Secondary circular reactions using objects  No clear understanding of cause and effect

6. EIGHT TO TWELVE MONTHS Substage 4  Coordination of secondary circular reactions  Cause and effect starts to make sense  Object permanence

7. 12 TO 18 MONTHS Substage 5  Causal thinking (can control consequences)  Trial and error experimentation

8. 18 TO 24 MONTHS Substage 6  Internalized thought  Mental manipulation  Egocentric thought

9. MULTICULTURAL CRITIQUE  Piaget may underestimate kids’ abilities ex. object permanence  Piaget’s stages are universal  Timing of stages may differ depending on culture, genetics, other factors

10. MEMORY  Newborns apparently remember “whole situations”- objects, people, actions  Visual memory develops by about 6 months  By 13 months, kids can recall complex actions after significant delays: verbal cues may stimulate memory  Visual memory is associated with “IQ”

11. PRETEND PLAY  Important in guiding symbolic thought  Emerges about age 1  Begins with using familiar objects (ex toy phone to enact conversation)  Later, symbolic objects represent real ones ex. Block of wood reps a phone

12. VARIATIONS IN COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT  Differences in infant cognitions due to: culture individual differences family cultural differences debilitating conditions poverty/nutrition/parenting/ medical conditions

13. IMPROVING COGNITION IN CHALLENGING SITUATIONS 1.Interventions are most effective when they are1. Intensive, 2.Home based, 3.Comprehensive 4. Culturally sensitive

14. EDUCATIONAL CLASSROOM  For infants/toddlers  1. Large motor activities encouraged  Multi-sensory activities available  Object permanence activities  Causality activities

15. MAKE-BELIEVE PLAY  Number of props increases over time  Modeling and prompting by adults  Dolls and other items from child’s every day environment  Abstract props

16. PLAY  Play: nonliteral, intrinsically motivating, self-chose, pleasurable  Enhances intellectual abilities, cognitive development  Helps children make sense of their world  Forms of play: Motoric: see chart, page 134