1. Cellular Structure Chapter 4

2. Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya

3. Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya Animalia Fungi Plantae Protista Monera (defunct)

4. Bacterial Structure

5. Outwardly, there is little to go by in bacterial structure

6. Bacteria may be of various shapes (morphologies)

7. Coccus = Spherical

8. Bacillus = Rod

9. Spiral = Spiral

10. Pleomorphic = Varied, Undefined

11. On a microscopic level there are layers of structure.

12. Glycocalyx = Outer Coating.

13. Flagella = Motive structures

14. Fimbriae and Pili = Attachment

15. Bacteria are divided into two large groups based on overall cellular structure

16. Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative

17. Gram Identity is about cell structure more than staining

18. Gram Positive = Single Membrane

19. Gram Negative = Double Membrane

20. EXCEPTION Mycobacterium

21. EXCEPTION Mycoplasma

22. Even exceptions to normal Gram staining can be classified by their overall structure and genetics.

23. Internal structure in bacteria is limited, but organized.

25. Specialized internal structures are found in some bacteria.

26. Endospores G+ structure to go dormant.

27. Magnetosomes Magnetite crystals for alignment

28. Storage Granules PHB Energy Storage

29. Eukarya Structure

30. Eukarya externally lack the complexity of Bacteria but are more internally structured

32. There are three classes of organelles.

33. Non-membrane Bound Ribosomes, flagella, etc.

34. Endomembrane System Nuclear Membrane, ER, etc.

35. Non- Endomembrane Membrane-Bound Mitochondria and Plastids

36. Non-Membrane Organelles

37. A Note on Evolution

38. Ribosomes Public Domain - PDB

39. Cytoskeleton

40. Endomembrane System

41. Nucleus Cell Nuclei in HeLa Cells Public Domain Image-Wikipedia

42. The Nucleus has numerous functions

43. Contains the DNA of the Cell

44. Controls access to the DNA

45. Regulates division of the DNA

46. Endomembrane System Wikimedia Commons

47. Mitochondria and Plastids

48. Mitochondria

49. Chloroplasts

50. These organelles share a number of unique characteristics

51. Internal DNA Each possess a small circular piece of DNA

52. Ribosomes Each possess ribosomes internal to their structure

53. Binary Fission Both reproduce independent of the cell cycle.

54. Endosymbiotic Theory Aerobic Eubacteria Photosynthetic Eubacteria Protoeukaryote Aerobic Eukaryote Photosynthetic Eukaryote

55. Various lines of evidence support this theory.

56. Organelle ribosomes more closely resemble bacterial ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes.

57. DNA of Mitochondria is closely related to Rickettsia bacteria.

58. DNA of Chloroplasts is closely related to blue-green photosynthetic bacteria.