1. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org Motivation: An Introduction Presenter: Jim Wright www.intervention central.org

2. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 2 ‘Motivation in Real Life’ Activity In your ‘elbow groups’: Discuss your current jobs. List the motivators in your employment setting that contribute to your job satisfaction.

3. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 3 Motivation in Behavioral Analysis

4. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 4 Law of Effect (Thorndike, 1898) Behaviors are selected (shaped) by their consequences. Source: Law of effect. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Law_of_Effect

5. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 5 Reinforcement: Definitions Positive reinforcement. “When a behavior (response) is followed by a favorable stimulus (commonly seen as pleasant) that increases the frequency of that behavior.” Negative reinforcement. “When a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (commonly seen as unpleasant) thereby increasing that behavior's frequency.” Source: Operant conditioning. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operant_conditioning

6. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 6 Punishment: Definitions Positive punishment. “When a behavior (response) is followed by an aversive stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.” Negative punishment. “When a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a favorable stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.” Source: Operant conditioning. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operant_conditioning

7. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 7 Motivation as a Psychological Concept

8. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 8 Definitions of ‘Motivation’ “…motivation refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior.” Source: Motivation. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 13, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation

9. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 9 Definitions of ‘Motivation’ “Motivation is an internal state that activates, guides and sustains behavior.” Source: Educational psychology. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved March 13, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology#Motivation

10. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 10 Definitions of ‘Motivation’ “Motivation is typically defined as the forces that account for the arousal, selection, direction, and continuation of behavior.” Source: Excerpted from Chapter 11 of Biehler/Snowman, PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED TO TEACHING, 8/e, Houghton Mifflin, 1997.

11. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 11 Motivation in Action: ‘Flow’

12. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 12 Definition of the ‘Flow’ State “Being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and you're using your skills to the utmost.” --Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Source: Geirland, J. (Septermber, 1996). Go with the flow. Wired Magazine. Retrieved March 19, 2007, from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.09/czik_pr.html

13. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 13 Qualities of Activities that May Elicit a ‘Flow’ State The activity is challenging and requires skill to complete Goals are clear Feedback is immediate There is a ‘merging of action and awareness’. ‘All the attention is concentrated on the relevant stimuli’ so that individuals are no longer aware of themselves as ‘separate from the actions they are performing’ The sense of time’s passing is altered: Time may seem slowed or pass very quickly ‘Flow’ is not static. As one acquires mastery over an activity, he or she must move to more challenging experiences to continue to achieve ‘flow’ Source: Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row

14. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 14 Flow Channel Source: Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row Anxiety Boredom (High) (Low) (High)(Low) Student A: Low Skills, Low Challenge A Student B: High Skills, Low Challenge B Student C: Low Skills, High Challenge C Student D: High Skills, High Challenge D Challenges Skills

15. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 15 Motivation in the Classroom

16. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 16 Unmotivated Students: What Works The relationship between the two factors is multiplicative. If EITHER of these factors (the student’s expectation of success on the task OR the student’s valuing of that success) is zero, then the ‘motivation’ product will also be zero. 1.the student’s expectation of success on the task 2.the value that the student places on achieving success on that learning task Motivation can be thought of as having two dimensions: Multiplied by Source: Sprick, R. S., Borgmeier, C., & Nolet, V. (2002). Prevention and management of behavior problems in secondary schools. In M. A. Shinn, H. M. Walker & G. Stoner (Eds.), Interventions for academic and behavior problems II: Preventive and remedial approaches (pp.373-401). Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists. ……………… 10 X 0...………… 0 ……………… 0 X 10...………… 0

17. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 17 Our Working Definition of ‘Academic Motivation’ For This Workshop The student puts reasonable effort into completing academic work.

18. Response to Intervention www.interventioncentral.org 18 END