2. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Behavioral Psychology Chapter 6

3. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Overview Understanding Learning Early Explanations of Learning Contiguity and Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Applied Behavior Analysis Behavioral Approaches to Teaching & Management Recent Approaches: Self-Regulated Learning & Cognitive Behavior Modification Problems & Issues

4. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Concept Map for Chapter 6 Behavioral Views of Learning Understanding Learning Early Explanations of Learning Contiguity and Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Applied Behavior Analysis Behaviorism, Teaching & Management Self-Regulated Learning & Cognitive Behavior Modification Problems & Issues Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

5. Permanent change Change in behavior or knowledge Learning is the result of experience Learning is not the result of maturation or temporary conditions (illness) Definition of Learning

6. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Contiguity Learning Learning by simple associations: Pairing Stimulus → Response Examples: Golden Arches = McDonalds Times tables (7 X 8 = 56) States & capitals (Lansing, MI)

7. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Pavlov: Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s dilemma Involuntary responses: Respondents Generalization Discrimination Extinction

8. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Classical Conditioning

9. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Neutral Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Classical Conditioning

10. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Neutral Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Repeat pairing US with NS Classical Conditioning

11. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Neutral Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Conditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Repeat pairing US with NS Classical Conditioning

12. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Classical Classroom Examples A first grader feels ill when recess time approaches because he was beat up on the playground the last 3 days in a row. Certain smells that can elicit nauseous sensations (Hopefully NOT from the cafeteria!) Speech phobia : cold sweat, shaking knees and hands Phobias in general

13. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Skinner: Operant Conditioning Operants : Deliberate actions Thorndike’s Law of Effect ABC’s Reinforcement Punishment

14. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Types of Consequences

15. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Types of Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Examples: Praise Teacher attention Rewards Negative reinforcement Avoid the loss of privileges Take away an aversive stimulus

16. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Types of Punishment Presentation Punishment Detention Extra work Removal Punishment Loss of recess Loss of privileges

17. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Kinds of Reinforcement & Punishment Behavior encouraged Behavior suppressed Stimulus presented Stimulus presented Stimulus removed or withheld Stimulus removed or withheld Positive Reinforcement: Praise / reward Presentation Punishment: Detention / extra work Negative Reinforcement Avoid losing points Removal Punishment Loss of recess / grounded! See Woolfolk, Figure 6.1, p. 208 and Table 6.1, p. 209

18. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Reinforcement Schedules Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

19. Reflection Questions What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement? What schedule of reinforcement is best for building persistence? Why? What happens when all reinforcement is withdrawn?

20. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Controlling Antecedents

21. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Antecedents Providing previous information about expected behaviors Signaling when a behavior should be emitted Cueing: Lights off means “Be quiet!” Prompting: Verbal reminder after students do not get quiet after lights were turned off : they missed the cue.

22. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Applied Behavior Analysis Baseline behavior Target behavior Classroom application: 1 - Specify the desired behavior 2 - Plan a specific intervention 3 - Keep track of the results

23. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Interventions: Encouraging Positive Behavior Teacher attention Premack principle Shaping Positive practice See Guidelines, Woolfolk, pp. 214 & 217

24. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Coping with Undesirable Behaviors Negative reinforcement: ‘No recess until…’ Satiation: ‘I would like 1000 of those perfect spit wads, please!’ Reprimands: soft & private Response cost Social isolation Punishment See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 220

25. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Coping with Undesirable Behaviors Cautions: Use a two pronged approach: Punishment for undesired behavior Clarify and reinforce desired behavior

26. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Behavioral Approaches to Teaching & Management

27. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Teaching : Mastery Learning Students must demonstrate competence before moving to next unit Mastery means 80 – 90% correct Focuses on basic skills

28. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Behavioral Management Group consequences Token reinforcement Contingency contracts

29. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Recent Approaches: Self-Regulation & Cognitive Behavior Modification The object of teaching a child is to enable him to get along without his teacher. Elbert Hubbard

30. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Self-Regulated Learning Self management Set goals and make the goals public Note: Standards and effect on performance Evaluate & record performance Promote self-reinforcement See Family & Community Partnerships, Woolfolk, p. 227

31. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Cognitive Behavior Modification & Self-Instruction Similar to self- regulated learning Adds thinking and self-talk More cognitive than behavioral approach

32. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Cognitive Behavior Modification & Self-Instruction Teaching self-talk: Demonstrate & supervise Talk out loud while practicing, student imitates Whisper while practicing, student imitates Work toward private speech while practicing See Woolfolk, Figure 6.4, p. 229

33. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Reflection Question What is a habit you would like to change? How would you implement the steps of cognitive behavior modification to change your habit? Make a graphic organizer or flow chart to illustrate your goal and steps toward meeting that goal.

34. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Problems & Issues Extrinsic rewards may lead to loss of interest in learning for learning’s sake Decrease in motivation Motives for influencing student behaviors: control? See Point▼Counterpoint, Woolfolk pp. 230-231

35. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Summary Understanding Learning Early Explanations of Learning Contiguity and Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Applied Behavior Analysis Behavioral Approaches to Teaching & Management Recent Approaches: Self-Regulated Learning & Cognitive Behavior Modification Problems & Issues

36. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Review Questions Define learning. How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus? Discriminate between generalization and discrimination. What defines a consequence as a reinforcer? As a punisher? How are negative reinforcement and punishment different?

37. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Review Questions How can you encourage persistence in a behavior? What is the difference between a prompt and a cue? What are the steps in applied behavior analysis? How can the Premack principle help you identify reinforcers? When is shaping an appropriate approach?

38. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Review Questions What are some cautions in using punishment? What is mastery learning? Describe group consequences, token programs, and contracts. What are the steps in self-management? What are the main criticisms of behavioral approaches?

39. Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon End Chapter 6